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National Aboriginal Veterans Monument, Elgin Street, Ottawa, ON

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An image of the National Aboriginal Veterans Monument, which is located in Ottawa, Ontario.

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National Aboriginal Veterans Monument, Elgin Street, Ottawa, ON

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National Aboriginal Veterans Monument, Elgin Street, Ottawa, ON

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The National Aboriginal Veterans Monument is a war monument that is dedicated to commemorating the military contributions of the First Nations community, especially during World War One and World War Two. The monument was designed by Lloyd Pinay of the Peepeekisis First Nation in Saskatchewan, as his father was involved in the D-Day assault during World War Two.

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Juno Beach Memorial Bridge (Pedestrian Bridge), Ottawa, ON

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An image of the Juno Beach Memorial Bridge in Ottawa, Ontario. 

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Juno Beach Memorial Bridge (Pedestrian Bridge), Ottawa, ON

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Juno Beach Memorial Bridge (Pedestrian Bridge), Ottawa, ON

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The Juno Beach Memorial Bridge is located in Ottawa, Ontario, which was renamed from the Airport Parkway Pedestrian Bridge to commemorate the bravery and courageousness that was demonstrated by Canadian soldiers during D-Day. According to CTV News, the bridge was renamed in an attempt to form a connection between the past and present, as well as to serve as a visual reminder to remain on the path towards peace.

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An image of the Atlantic Ocean, which was one of numerous areas that were involved in the Battle of the Atlantic.

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The Battle of the Atlantic was a significant conflict within World War Two, as it began in 1939 and concluded in 1945, making it the longest battle in the Second World War. During the Battle of the Atlantic, Canada maintained a crucial role in the Allied struggle for control over the North Atlantic, which was due to the fact that German submarines were complicating the transportation of necessary supplies to Europe.

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An image of Canadian troops during the celebrations of the Liberation of the Netherlands in 1945. 

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The Liberation of the Netherlands was a significant event that occurred in the final months of World War Two, in which Canada was provided with the crucial task of liberating the Netherlands from Nazi occupation. From September of 1944 to April of 1945, the First Canadian Army battled German forces on the Scheldt estuary, which cleared the northern and western regions of the Netherlands of Germans, as well as allowed food and other resources to reach millions of desperate people.

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An image of Helen Armstrong, who was born on June 17th, 1875 in Toronto, Ontario and passed away on April 17th, 1947 in Los Angeles, California. 

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Helen Armstrong was a labour and women's rights activist who dedicated her life to fighting for the rights and recognition of working-class women. Helen Armstrong was the leader of the Winnipeg Women's Labour League and played a central role in getting women involved in the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919, where she campaigned for a minimum wage, unions, and social security. Therefore, Helen Armstrong's strong sense of activism caused others to perceive her as the exception in a male-dominated labour movement.

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Canadian National Vimy Memorial, Chemin des Canadiens, Givenchy-en-Gohelle, France

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An image of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France, which serves to commemorate the sacrifices made by Canada during the Battle of Vimy Ridge.

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Canadian National Vimy Memorial, Chemin des Canadiens, Givenchy-en-Gohelle, France

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Canadian National Vimy Memorial, Chemin des Canadiens, Givenchy-en-Gohelle, France

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The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a significant event that occurred during World War One, in which four divisions of the Canadian Corps battled against three divisions of the German 6th Army. Although Canada was successful in claiming Vimy Ridge, approximately 3598 members of the Canadian military were killed, while an additional 7000 were wounded. Therefore, the Canadian National Vimy Memorial serves as a reminder of the brave and courageous actions taken by Canadian soldiers at Vimy Ridge.

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An image of Sir Arthur Currie, who was born on December 5th, 1875 in Adelaide, Ontario, and passed away on November 30th, 1933 in Montréal, Quebec. 

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Sir Arthur Currie was an immensely significant figure within World War One, as he was responsible for leading the Canadian Corps to several important victories, including the Battle of Passchendaele and the Hundred Days Campaign. Additionally, Arthur Currie was praised for his strong sense of planning and preparation, as well as his recognition of the importance of artillery to trench warfare.

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An image of Francis Pegahmagabow, who served as the most effective sniper in World War One.

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Francis Pegahmagabow was born on March 9th, 1891 on the Parry Island reserve in Ontario, and passed away on August 5th, 1952 in Parry Sound, Ontario. Francis Pegahmagabow began the First World War as a runner, but after surviving the first chlorine gas attack during the Second Battle of Ypres, he was promoted to the position of lance corporal and became one of the most effective snipers in the war. Following World War One, Francis Pegahmagabow became the Chief of Wasauksing First Nation and a vocal advocate for Indigenous rights.

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An image of Elsie MacGill, who was born on March 27th, 1905 in Vancouver, British Columbia and passed away on November 4th, 1980 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

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Elsie MacGill was a significant figure within the history of Canada, as she made a variety of beneficial contributions that helped to advance the societal state of Canada. In terms of education, Elsie MacGill was the first woman in Canada to earn a degree in electrical engineering, as well as the first woman in the world to earn a master's degree in aeronautical engineering. In 1938, Elsie MacGill became the leading aeronautical engineer of Canadian Car and Foundry, where she directed the production of Hawker Hurricane fighter planes during World War Two.

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An image of several passengers from the Komagata Maru in Vancouver City, 1914.

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The Komagata Maru was a chartered ship that set sail from Hong Kong, China to British Columbia, Canada in 1914. The Komagata Maru carried 376 passengers from Hong Kong to Canada, which consisted of 340 Sikhs, 24 Muslims, and 12 Hindus, many of which descended from the Punjab region of India. Although these immigrants arrived with the intention of seeking a better life in Canada, they were denied entry due to discriminatory immigration laws.

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An image of Sir Charles Tupper, who was born on July 2nd, 1821 in Amherst, Nova Scotia and passed away on October 30th, 1915 in Bexleyheath, England. 

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Sir Charles Tupper was a significant figure within Canadian Confederation, as he served as a delegate to the London, Quebec, and Charlottetown Confederation Conferences. Additionally, Sir Charles Tupper was responsible for leading Nova Scotia into Confederation, and gained recognition for being the last surviving Father of Confederation.

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An image of the Colonial Building in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, which was the location of the Charlottetown Conference in 1864.

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The Charlottetown Conference was held from September 1st to September 9th of 1864, with additional meetings in Halifax, Fredericton, and Saint John during the following week. Essentially, the Charlottetown Conference was organized by delegates from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island to discuss the union of these three provinces, and played a major role in initiating Confederation within Canada.

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An image of the London Conference, which was held from December 4th, 1866 to March of 1867.

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The London Conference was the final of three conferences, along with the Charlottetown Conference and the Quebec Conference, that were held to negotiate the terms of Confederation in Canada. Essentially, the London Conference was responsible for establishing the British North America Act of 1867, which was passed by the British Parliament and signed by Queen Victoria on March 29th, 1867.

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An image of the delegates from the legislations of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island at the Charlottetown Conference in 1864.

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Nova Scotia was one of the initial four provinces that formed Confederation in Canada, along with Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick. Initially, Nova Scotia expressed a concern towards entering Confederation, as the province was afraid that joining a larger union would result in their needs being dismissed. However, this concern was eventually disregarded, and the province of Nova Scotia joined Confederation in 1867.

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An image of Quebec in 1885, following the events of the 1885 Metis Resistance.

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Following the occurrence of the Metis Resistance, which was an event that involved the declaration of a provisional government and ultimately resulted in the formation of Manitoba, approximately 5000 people gathered in the streets of Quebec to protest this action. This protest was due to the consequences associated with the Metis Resistance, which included the execution of Louis Riel and the division between the English and French.

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An image of Big Bear, also referred to as Mistahi-maskwa, who is often recognized for his prominence as the chief of the Prairie River People. 

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Big Bear was born in 1825 near Jackfish Lake, Saskatchewan, and served as a prominent chief of the Cree First Nation, specifically the Prairie River People. In addition to his involvement in the establishment of Treaty 6, Big Bear gained recognition based on his role in the Battle of Batoche. This was because under the leadership of Big Bear, the Cree and Métis nations formed an alliance to fight against the Government of Canada.

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An image of Louis Riel, who was born on October 22nd, 1844 in Saint Boniface, Manitoba and passed away on November 16th, 1885 in Regina, Saskatchewan. 

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Louis Riel was an immensely significant figure within the history of Canada, as he made a variety of important contributions that shaped the social and political state of Canada. For instance, Louis Riel founded the province of Manitoba, brought Manitoba into Confederation, and served as a central figure in both the Red River and Metis resistances. In terms of the Metis Resistance of 1885, Louis Riel is recognized as a strong leader that advocated the need for the Canadian Government to acknowledge the rights and freedoms of Métis people.

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An image of Charles Bagot, who was born on September 23rd, 1781 at Blithfield Hall in England, and passed away on May 19th, 1843 in Kingston, Canada.

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Charles Bagot served as the former Governor General of the Province of Canada, promoting a form of responsible government and a sense of equality between French and English culture within Canada. Additionally, Charles Bagot was responsible for establishing the Bagot Commission, which was formed with the intention of separating Indigenous children from their families and communities in an attempt to assimilate them into Euro-Canadian culture. Essentially, the Bagot Commission was significant in initiating the residential school system, which caused a severe loss of culture and decades of intergenerational trauma.

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, Saskatchewan

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An image of the Batoche National Historic Site in Batoche, Saskatchewan, which was the site of the historic Battle of Batoche in 1885. 

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, Saskatchewan

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, Saskatchewan

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The Battle of Batoche was a significant event within the history of Canada, as it was the last major action within the North-West Resistance. The Battle of Batoche took place from May 9th to May 12th of 1885, and concluded with the Métis and First Nations allies being defeated by the Canadian authorities.

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An image of the original wording of Treaty 11, which was signed by Cheif Monfwi at a ceremony in Behchoko, Northwest Territories. 

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Treaty 11 was established during the summer of 1921, as Duncan Campbell Scott and Henry Anthony Conroy began negotiations on June 27th before officially signing the Treaty on August 22nd. Treaty 11 involves the Loucheux, Slavey, Dogrib, and Hare First Nations, and was responsible for providing these communities with reasources for childhood education, the right to build and maintain infastructure on reserves, and an annual amount of $50.00 to purchase fishing twine and hunting supplies.

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An image of the Treaty 10 logo, which was signed on November 7th, 1906 at Île-à-la-Crosse, Saskatchewan.

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Treaty 10 was signed on November 7th, 1906 at Île-à-la-Crosse, which is a northern village located in Division No. 18 of northwestern Saskatchewan. Treaty 10 covered approximately 220 000 kilometeres, and supplied the Chipewyan and Cree First Nations with limited reserve land, monetary compensation, agricultural equipment, and the provision for childhood education.

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An image of the first page of the written document of Treaty 9, which is also referred to as the James Bay Treaty.

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Treaty 9 was signed on November 6th, 1905 in Ontario, Ottawa between the Anishinabe and Mushkegowuk Cree communities and the Canadian Crown. Additionally, Treaty 9 is often referred to as the "James Bay Treaty," which is due to the fact that the eastern border of the treaty territory is located on the shore of James Bay, Ontario.

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An image of David Laird, a Canadian politician, explaining the terms of Treaty 8 in Fort Vermilion, Alberta.

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Treaty 8 was signed on July 8th, 1899 at Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta, and involved the Cree, Beaver, and Chipewyan First Nations. Treaty 8 was largely responsible for providing these Indigenous communities with agricultural equipment and limited reserve land, as well as financial allowance for ammunition and fishing net twine that averaged approximately $1.00 per household head.

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An image of a plaque that acknowledges Treaty 7 territory, which was signed on September 22nd, 1877 at Bow River, Alberta.

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Treaty 7 was signed on September 22nd, 1877 at the Blackfoot Crossing of Bow River, Alberta, which is currently recognized as the Siksika First Nation reserve. Essentially, Treaty 7 was responsible for providing the Blackfoot, Piegan, Blood, Stony, and Sarcee First Nations with monetary compensation and limited reserve land, as well as the right to hunt and fish on ceded land.

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Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan 212, Duck Lake, SK

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An image of the flag for Treaty 6, which was signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake on August 28th of 1876, and at Fort Pitt in September of 1876.

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Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan 212, Duck Lake, SK

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Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan 212, Duck Lake, SK

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Treaty 6 is the sixth of the numbered treaties signed by the Canadian Crown and various First Nations communities, and specifically involves the Plain and Wood Cree First Nations. Treaty 6 was initially signed on August 28th, 1876 at Fort Carlton, and was adhered to at Fort Pitt in September of 1876.

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A map of Treaty 5, which outlines several of the potential additions to the Grand Rapids reserve. 

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Treaty 5 was signed on September 20th of 1875 at Berens River, Manitoba, and held a great amount of significance to the Saulteaux and Swampy Cree First Nations. This is because Treaty 5 was responsible for providing these First Nations communities with limited reserve land, monetary compensation, and financial allowance for certain supplies, including gunpowder, bale, and fishing net twine.

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An image of the Treaty 4 flag, in which the buffalo symbolizes a sense of education between Western knowledge and the wisdom of First Nations ancestors. 

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Treaty 4 was signed on September 15th, 1874 at Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. During this time period, Fort Qu'Appelle was an outpost of the Hudson's Bay Company, which was responsible for establishing the name "Qu'Appelle Treaty."

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A map of the locations within Treaty 3, which was signed on October 3rd, 1873. 

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Treaty 3 was signed on October 3rd of 1873, on the Northwest Angle of the Lake of the Woods in Ontario. The historical significance of Treaty 3 can be observed through the litigation that ensued between the Crown in Right of Canada and the Crown in Right of Ontario, which arose over the respective roles of Canada in relation to First Nations peoples.

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An image of a survey for Treaty 2, which has also been referred to as the Manitoba Post Treaty. 

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Treaty 2 was negotiated and signed at the Manitoba House Fur Trading Post on August 21st, 1871, which was located on the west shore of Lake Manitoba. Within the current geographical state of Manitoba, there are numerous communities located in Treaty 2, including Brandon, Roblin, Dauphin, Virden, and Minnedosa.

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An image that represents the signing of Treaty 1, which served as the first instance of an agreement between First Nations people and the Crown.

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The establishment of Treaty 1 was greatly significant to the history of Canada, as it was the first of the numbered treaties that were crucial in establishing Western Canada. Treaty 1 was signed on August 3, 1871 with the understanding that it would remain in place for "as long as the sun shines, the grass grows and the river flows." Essentially, Treaty 1 marked the beginning of a series of treaties between the Crown and Indigenous signatories.

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An image of John A. Macdonald, who was born in Glasgow, United Kingdom on January 11th, 1815.

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John A. Macdonald was a significant figure within the history of Canada, as he served as the first prime minister from 1867 to 1873 and from 1878 to 1891. Even within our modern society, John A. Macdonald is often recognized for his role in Confederation, the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the social and economic development of Canada.

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An image of the Acadian Expulsion, in which approximately 10 000 Acadians were forced to abandon their settlements in Nova Scotia and face deportation. 

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The Acadian Expulsion was a significant event within the history of Canada, as an estimated 10 000 Acadians were forcibly removed from their settlements in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Essentially, the military governor of Nova Scotia expelled the Acadians due to a concern regarding an overwhelming Acadian presence in Halifax, which led to a harsh deportation of the Acadians.

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An image that represents the route in which loyalists migrated to Canada. 

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The Loyalist migration was a historical event that involved approximately 30 000 Loyalists travelling to the eastern region of Canada, specifically New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Upon arriving in Canada, the Loyalists demonstrated an adamant sense of loyalty towards the British Crown, which conflicted with the values and beliefs outlined in the Quebec Act of 1774.

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A map of the continent of Europe, which was a significant location in the commencement of the fur trade. 

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The continent of Europe was greatly significant in the initiation of the fur trade, as there were numerous causes of the fur trade that largely revolved around Europe. For instance, the fur trade occurred as a result of a strong demand for fur in Europe, as well as an overwhelming desire for trade between Indigenous and European people.

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An image of the Treaty of Utrecht, which was signed in the Netherlands on April 11th, 1713.

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The Treaty of Utrecht was an agreement between Britain and France, in which France was required to cede Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay Colony to Britain. Ultimately, the Treaty of Utrecht was significant in allowing Britain to protect and expand its North American Colonies, as well as causing a sense of conflict between the Acadians and Britain.

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An image of the original logo of the Hudson's Bay Company, which was founded on May 2nd, 1670.

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The Hudson's Bay Company is a prominent corporation within Canada, which was founded on May 2nd of 1670 with the intention of carrying commerce with potentially profitable lands, occupying regions that were adjacent to the Hudson's Bay, and seeking a northwest passage to the Pacific. The significance of the Hudson's Bay Company can still be observed within modern Canada, as the commercial company is still active in terms of merchandising, real estate, and natural resources.

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An image of the map that Samuel de Champlain composed of the village Tadoussac, Quebec.

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On May 26th, 1603, Samuel de Champlain arrived at Tadoussac, Quebec, which is located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River. Champlain's arrival in Tadoussac was significant in the establishment of New France, as well as in the formation of positive relationships between Champlain and First Nations peoples living within the region.

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An image of the St. Lawrence River, which was largely occupied by the Iroquoian First Nations between 1200 and 1600 CE.

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The Iroquoian First Nations were one of the six main geographical groups of Canada, occupying a large portion of the area surrounding the St. Lawrence River. The Iroquoian First Nations settled in the region between Lake Ontario and Quebec City, which was due to the fertile land and species of plants that were located in this area.

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An image of Samuel de Champlain, who was born near 1567 and passed away on December 25th, 1635.

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Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer, who gained recognition based on the founding of Quebec in 1608, and his consolidation of the French colonies in the New World. Even in our modern society, Champlain's voyages still hold a great amount of significance to North America, as Champlain played a major role in mapping this continent. He published a map of North America in 1632, which allowed us to observe the outline of a majority of northeastern North America.

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An image of the Woodland First Nations and their traditional ways of life, specifically in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. 

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The Woodland First Nations, specifically the Mi'kmaq peoples, largely began to occupy the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in the 17th century. This is because Newfoundland and Labrador is dense in areas of boreal forest, and the Woodland First Nations would typically settle in these regions.

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An image that represents the early life of the Plains First Nations in Saskatchewan. 

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The province of Saskatchewan, also referred to as one of the three prairie provinces, was a common area of settlement for the Plains First Nations. This location holds great significance towards the history of Indigenous peoples in Saskatchewan, as the Plains First Nations were one of the first Indigenous groups to arrive and settle in Saskatchewan.

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An image of Regina, which is the capital city of the province of Saskatchewan. 

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The province of Saskatchewan was first inhabited near the year of 1700. However, Saskatchewan officially became a province in 1905, which was many years after settlers had first arrived on the land.

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The city of Ottawa was officially founded in the year of 1855, and is one of the most visited cities in Canada today. Queen Victoria declared Ottawa as the capital of Canada in 1857.

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An image taken during the Battle of Vimy Ridge, 1917.

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The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a significant conflict that occured in 1917 and took place in France. This event involved Canadian soldiers storming the ridge, and eventually emerging victorious by capturing Vimy Ridge.

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An image of Ypres, Belgium, during the Battle of Passchendaele.

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The Battle of Passchendaele began on July 31st of 1917, when British armies formulated a plan to break through German defense lines. After approximately three months of combat, the Battle of Passchendaele was resolved with the Canadian and British armies claiming victory.

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Canadian soldiers arriving on Normandy Beach, France, in 1944.

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The Normandy Landings, also known as "D-Day", occurred on June 6th of 1944. This event has been described as the largest seaborne invasion throughout history, with more than 14 000 Canadian soldiers landing on Normandy Beach in France.

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The October Crisis was a chain of events that began in October of 1970. This event involved members of the Front de Libération du Québec, or FLQ, kidnapping Pierre Laporte and James Cross.