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December 7th,1941

The Japanese surprise attack early in the morning

They destroyed more than 20 ships and 300 planes and killed more than 2,400

The next day, President Franklin D, Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan.

sources:https://www.history.com/articles/pearl-harbor

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Pearl Harbor Attack, December 7, 1941 | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

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The National WWII Museum commemorates the Day That Will Live in Infamy through articles, oral histories, artifacts, and more.

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June 6, 1944

Soldiers from the Allied nations launched the invasion of Normandy

It happened because they wanted to liberate Western Europe from Nazi control

It marked the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control

source: https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-10-things-you-need-to-know-about-d-day#:~:text=The%20defeat%20of%20Germany%20was,evacuation%20from%20Dunkirk%20in%201940.

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The 10 Things you Need to Know about D-Day

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On D-Day, 6 June 1944, Allied forces launched a combined naval, air and land assault on Nazi-occupied France. Codenamed Operation ‘Overlord’, the Allied landings on the Normandy beaches marked the start of a long and costly campaign to liberate north-west Europe from German occupation.

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August 25, 1939

The Soviet Union and Germany signed a non-aggression pact and it included a secret protocol that split up eastern Europe which made Hitler to decide to invade and attack Poland.

This began World War II in Europe

Source: https://time.com/5659728/poland-1939/#:~:text=17%2C%20the%20Soviet%20Union%20also,11%2C%201939%2C%20issue:

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September 2nd, 1945 Japan surrendered

Germany surrendered may 7th, 1945.

Japan surrendered because of the devastating effects of the atomic bombings

Germany surrendered because of the death of Hitler and after facing overwhelming Allied forces on the Eastern and Western fronts

the ending of WW2

source: https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/explore/photography/wwii/wwii-europe/german-surrender.html https://www.nationalww2museum.org/media/press-releases/japan-surrenders-1

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June 4th, 1942 - June 7th, 1942

The U.S. Navy fought the Japanese Navy in the Pacific Ocean.

Japan wanted to capture the Midway Atoll, which started the battle.

It stopped Japan’s expansion and gave the U.S. a chance to push back Japan.

source: https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/topics/battle-of-midway

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/battle-midway#:~:text=This%20critical%20US%20victory%20stopped,several%20even%20larger%20naval%20battles.

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Overview

A major goal for Japan during World War II was to gain territory in East Asia and Southwest Pacific, effectively removing the United States as the dominate power. Japanese military planners hoped to defeat the US Pacific Fleet and take Midway, from which they could launch additional attacks on Pearl Harbor. This, they believed, would secure their dominance in the area and force the United States to negotiate for peace.

Part of the Northwestern Islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, Midway Atoll is one of the most remote atolls located more than 3,200 miles from San Francisco. The United States annexed the atoll in the nineteenth century, and by 1940 had begun constructing facilities on the islands in preparation for war. On December 7, 1941, Japanese destroyers shelled the facilities at Naval Air Station Midway. By June 1942, PBY Catalinas and B-17s were stationed on Midway, along with 4,000 American personnel.

The five-day battle, fought from June 3-7, 1942, encompassed an area the size of the contiguous United States. Japanese and American ships fought at ranges of 50-150 miles apart.

Breaking the Code

In early 1942, Navy cryptanalysts had begun breaking Japanese communication codes, and had become learned of Japanese plans to attack a location in the Pacific referred to as "AF." To determine what AF meant, a simple trick was used: American forces at Midway were told to send out a false message that they were running low on fresh water. After the message was sent, cryptanalysts deciphered a Japanese message that AF was short on water. With the confirmation that AF was Midway, Station Hypo in Hawaii, decoded further messages, providing the US Navy with the date of the attack, and the Japanese order of battle. With this vital information at hand, Admiral Chester Nimitz prepared US Naval forces to counterattack.

Opening Strikes

On June 3, 1942, a PBY flying a scouting patrol out of Midway discovered part of the Japanese Midway Occupational force southwest of the atoll. Throughout the day, additional sightings were made, but the Japanese carrier force was not located. B-17s and PBYs from Midway make attacks on the sighted force, but with minimal results. Heavy anti-aircraft fire kept the crews from remaining in the area to determine the affects of the attack, but a heavy cruiser and one transport were reported as hit, along with a second cruiser, likely hit on the stern. That night, four PBY-5As carrying Mark XIII torpedoes carried out the first nighttime torpedo attack by patrol planes on surface ships. Although the results of the attack were indefinite, the small force believed that one or two enemy ships had sustained damage.

The Battle

On the morning of June 4, 1942, aircraft from Japanese carriers attacked and damaged the US base on Midway. The US Marine Corps force stationed on Midway endured devastating losses, but the facilities only suffered minor damage. The US carrier force was to the east of the island and had located the main body of the Japanese force. As the Japanese aircraft returned to their carriers, the Japanese navy became aware that US naval forces were in the area.

From the American carriers USS Yorktown (CV-5), USS Enterprise (CV-6), and USS Hornet (CV-8) TBD Devastator torpedo bombers launched to attack the Japanese force. Drawing out enemy aircraft, they cleared the skies for SBD Dauntless dive bombers from the Enterprise and Yorktown to make an attack, leaving the Japanese carriers Kaga and Akagi fatally damaged and wrecking the carrier Soryu. The only surviving Japanese carrier, Hiryu, launched two waves of attacks against the American carriers, bombing Yorktown. Severely damaged, the ship's crew fought to keep the carrier afloat. Dauntlesses from Enterprise struck the Hiryu in the early evening, striking a fatal blow against the fourth and final Japanese carrier off Midway.

On June 5, Rear Admiral Spruance pursed the Japanese fleet to the west with his task force as the Japanese were forced to scuttle Akagi and Hiryu. The crew of Yorktown continued to fight to save the damaged carrier. On June 6, the final aerial attacks took place. Dive bombers (SBDs) from Enterprise and Hornet inflicted sever damage on the Japanese fleet, sinking the heavy cruiser Mikuma, and damaging three other ships. Salvage operations on Yorktown were interrupted by a Japanese submarine, which torpedoed the carrier and the destroyer USS Hammann (DD-412). On June 7, Yorktown rolled and sank at dawn.

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Battle of Midway | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

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In June 1942, US and Japanese naval forces engaged in a five-day battle in the middle of the Pacific Ocean that changed the course of the war in the Pacific.

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July 10th, 1940-October 31st, 1940

The Royal Air Force fought the German Air Force to protect the UK.

Germany was conquering Europe and needed air superiority to invade Britain.

It was Nazi Germany's first major military defeat.

source: https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Britain-European-history-1940

https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/8-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-battle-of-britain#:~:text=The%20Battle%20of%20Britain%20was,an%20invasion%20of%20Great%20Britain.

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Battle of Britain, during World War II, the successful defense of Great Britain against unremitting and destructive air raids conducted by the German air force (Luftwaffe) from July through September 1940, after the fall of France. Victory for the Luftwaffe in the air battle would have exposed Great Britain to invasion by the German army, which was then in control of the ports of France only a few miles away across the English Channel. In the event, the battle was won by the Royal Air Force (RAF) Fighter Command, whose victory not only blocked the possibility of invasion but also created the conditions for Great Britain's survival, for the extension of the war, and for the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany.

Shortly after the withdrawal of British forces from the European continent in the Dunkirk evacuation (late May-early June 1940), Germany's armoured forces completed their blitzkrieg invasion of France. The French government collapsed on June 16 and was replaced by a regime that immediately sued for peace. This left the British suddenly alone in their "island home" as the last bastion against "the menace of tyranny," in the words of their prime minister, Winston Churchill. Speaking before Parliament on June 18, Churchill announced:

What General [Maxime] Weygand [commander of the Allied armies in France] called the Battle of France is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin....Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest hour."

On the German side, no plans had been made for an invasion of Britain before the Germans launched their offensive against France, nor were any made even when the collapse of France was assured. German leader Adolf Hitler evidently counted on the British government's agreeing to a compromise peace on the favourable terms he was prepared to offer, and so he had no desire to press the conflict to a decisive conclusion. The German army was given to understand that the war was over; leave was granted, and the Luftwaffe was shifted to other quarters. Even when Churchill's determination to continue the war was made manifest, Hitler still clung to the belief that it was merely a bluff, feeling that Britain must recognize "her militarily hopeless situation." That hope of his was slow to fade. It was not until July 2 that Hitler even ordered a consideration of the problem of invading England, and he still seemed to doubt its necessity when at last, on July 16, he ordered preparations to begin for such an invasion, christened Operation Sea Lion. Hitler stipulated that the expedition be ready by mid-August.

The German army was in no way prepared for such an undertaking. The staff had not contemplated it, the troops had been given no training for landing operations, and nothing had been done to build landing craft for the purpose. All that could be attempted was a hurried effort to collect shipping, bring barges from Germany and the Netherlands, and give the troops some practice in embarkation and disembarkation. The German generals were very apprehensive of the risks that their forces would run in crossing the sea, and the German admirals were even more frightened about what would happen when the Royal Navy appeared on the scene. They had no confidence in their own power to stop the enemy, and they insisted that the responsibility for doing so be placed on the Luftwaffe. Air Marshal Hermann Göring expressed confidence that his planes could check British naval interference and also drive the RAF out of the sky. So it was agreed that Göring would try his preliminary air offensive, which did not commit the other services to anything definite, while the time for the invasion attempt would be postponed to mid-September.

Beginning with bomber attacks against shipping on July 10 and continuing into early August, a rising stream of air attacks was delivered against British convoys and ports. Then, on August 13, the main offensive-called Adlerangriff ("Eagle Attack") by Hitler-was unleashed, initially against air bases but also against aircraft factories and against radar stations in southeastern England. Although targets and tactics were changed in different phases, the underlying object was always to wear down Britain's air defense, and indeed the effort severely strained the limited resources of Fighter Command, under Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding. The British disposed slightly more than 600 frontline fighters to defend the country. The Germans meanwhile made available about 1,300 bombers and dive-bombers and about 900 single-engine and 300 twin-engine fighters. These were based in an arc around England from Norway to the Cherbourg peninsula in northern coastal France. For the defense of Britain, Fighter Command was divided into four groups, of which the most hard-pressed during the Battle of Britain were Number 11 Group, defending southeastern England and London and headquartered at Uxbridge, Middlesex; and Number 12 Group, defending the Midlands and Wales and headquartered at Watnall, Nottinghamshire. The other two groups were Number 10, defending southwestern England, and Number 13, defending northern England and all of Scotland. Each group was divided into sectors, which received reports from group headquarters about approaching Luftwaffe formations and mobilized squadrons of planes from numerous airfields to fight them off. The British radar early warning system, called Chain Home, was the most advanced and the most operationally adapted system in the world. Even while suffering from frequent attacks by the Luftwaffe, it largely prevented German bomber formations from exploiting the element of surprise. To fight off the bombers, Fighter Command employed squadrons of durable and heavily armed Hawker Hurricanes, preferring to save the faster and more agile Supermarine Spitfire -unsurpassed as an interceptor by any fighter in any other air force-for use against the bombers' fighter escorts.

The British thus found themselves fighting with the unexpected advantage of superior equipment. German bombers (mostly lightly armed twin-engine planes such as the Heinkel He 111 and Junkers Ju 88) lacked the bomb load capacity to strike permanently devastating blows, and they also proved, in daylight, to be easily vulnerable to the British fighters. The Germans' once-feared Junkers Ju 87 " Stuka" dive-bomber was even more vulnerable to being shot down, and their premier fighter-the Messerschmitt Bf 109-could provide only brief long-range cover for the bombers, since it was operating at the limit of its flying range. By late August the Luftwaffe had lost more than 600 aircraft and the RAF only 260. Nevertheless, Fighter Command was losing badly needed fighters and experienced pilots at too great a rate to be sustained. Number 11 Group in particular was in a fight for its life-and, by extension, for Britain's life as well. Acknowledging that the country's fate hung on the sacrifice of its airmen, Churchill declared before Parliament on August 20, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few."

In addition to technology, Britain had the advantage of fighting against an enemy that had no systematic or consistent plan of action. At the beginning of September, the Germans dropped some bombs, apparently by accident, on civilian areas in London, and the British retaliated by unexpectedly launching a bombing raid on Berlin. This so infuriated Hitler that he ordered the Luftwaffe to shift its attacks from Fighter Command installations to London and other cities. Beginning on September 7, London was attacked on 57 consecutive nights. The bombing of London, Coventry, Liverpool, and other cities went on for several months, but it had the immediate benefit for the RAF of relieving the pressure on Number 11 Group and also bringing more German bomber formations into the sectors of the formidable Number 12 Group.

By mid-September, Fighter Command had demonstrated that the Luftwaffe could not gain air ascendancy over Britain. British fighters were shooting down German bombers faster than German industry could produce them. To avoid the deadly RAF fighters, the Luftwaffe shifted almost entirely to night raids on Britain's industrial centres. The " Blitz," as the night raids came to be called, was to cause many deaths and great hardship for the civilian population, but it contributed little to the main purpose of the air offensive-to dominate the skies in advance of an invasion of England. On September 3 the date of invasion had been deferred to September 21, and then on September 19 Hitler ordered the shipping gathered for Operation Sea Lion to be dispersed. On October 12 he announced that the operation was off for the winter, and long before the arrival of spring he decided to turn eastward against Russia. Plans for an invasion were definitively discarded; the campaign against Britain henceforth became purely a blockade of its sea approaches, conducted mainly by submarines and only supplemented by the Luftwaffe.

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Battle of Britain | History, Importance, & Facts

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Battle of Britain, during World War II, the successful defense of Great Britain against unremitting and destructive air raids conducted by the German air force from July through September 1940, after the fall of France. Learn more about the Battle of Britain in this article.

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July 5, 1943

The Battle of Kursk was the largest tank battle in history

resulted in huge casualties and material damage

Germany aimed to regain the initiative on the Eastern Front after losing the Battle of Stalingrad

It marked the decisive end of the German offensive capability on the Eastern Front

sources: https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Kursk#:~:text=Battle%20of%20Kursk%2C%20(July%205,in%20anticipation%20of%20the%20attack.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Kursk

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Battle of Kursk | Eastern Front, German Offensive, Soviet Counterattack | Britannica

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Battle of Kursk, (July 5–August 23, 1943), unsuccessful German assault on the Soviet salient around the city of Kursk, in western Russia, during World War II. The salient was a bulge in the Soviet lines that stretched 150 miles (240 km) from north to south and protruded 100 miles (160 km) westward

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July 17th 1942- February 2nd , 1943

The Soviet Union fought against Nazi Germany and its allies.

Germany wanted to control southern Russia and its resources, so they attacked the city.

It was the first big defeat for Germany on the Eastern Front, boosting Allied morale and showing Germany's decline.

source: https://www.history.com/articles/battle-of-stalingrad

https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Stalingrad#:~:text=Battle%20of%20Stalingrad%2C%20(July%2017,in%20favour%20of%20the%20Allies.

https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-battle-of-stalingrad#:~:text=Stalingrad%20was%20one%20of%20the,the%20Soviet%20dictator%2C%20Josef%20Stalin.

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Battle of Stalingrad - Definition, Dates & Significance

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The Battle of Stalingrad was a brutal military campaign between Russian forces and those of Nazi Germany and the Axis powers during World War II. Germany’s defeat in the battle marked a turning point of the war in favor of the Allies.

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April 1943 to April 1945

The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African American military pilots in the United States Army Air Forces and later served in World War II.

They escort bombers and did flying combat missions

Their missions took them over Italy and enemy-occupied parts of southern Europe and central to fight.

sources :https://www.afhistory.af.mil/FAQs/Fact-Sheets/Article/458979/tuskegee-airmen/

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/2017-07/tuskegee-airmen.pdf

https://www.tuskegee.edu/support-tu/tuskegee-airmen/tuskegee-airmen-facts#:~:text=From%201941%2D1946%2C%20some%201%2C000,by%20the%20allied%20bomber%20units.

https://cafriseabove.org/the-tuskegee-airmen/tuskegee-principles/#:~:text=The%20Tuskegee%20Airmen%20were%20sent,Tuskegee%20Airmen%20are%20most%20remembered.

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Those air crew and ground crew personnel associated with black flying units of the Army Air Forces (AAF) during World War II are known as the Tuskegee Airmen. On 16 January 1941, Secretary of the Army Henry L. Stimson authorized the formation of a black pursuit squadron. The 99th Pursuit (later Fighter) Squadron was activated in March 1941 and began training in separate facilities at Tuskegee, Alabama, on 15 November. The 99th Squadron, equipped with Curtiss P-40s and later Bell P-39s, was sent to French Morocco in April 1943, and it continued combat service from bases in Tunisia, Sicily, and Italy. In February 1944, the 99th Squadron was joined by three other fighter squadrons, the 100th, the 301st, and the 302nd, and all four squadrons constituted the 332nd Fighter Group, commanded by Colonel (later Lieutenant General) Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. The group converted to Republic P-47s in April-May 1944 and to North American P-51s in June. Until the end of the war in Europe, it escorted Fifteenth Air Force bombers and made attacks on ground targets from its bases in Italy. The group earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for an escort mission to Berlin on 24 March 1945.. This journal article by Gerald A. White, Jr. appeared in the Summer 2006

In mid-1943, the AAF decided to organize a black bomber unit, the 477th Bombardment Group (Medium). Activated on 1 June 1943, its pilots were to be trained at Tuskegee, but that airfield, already overburdened with training requirements, was unable to handle the new trainees. Rather than sending black student pilots to white-only schools or creating a new segregated base for them, the AAF delayed crews for the 477th Group until the backlog at Tuskegee could be cleared out. Since Tuskegee was not able to provide North American B-25 medium bomber pilot transition or training for bombardiers and navigators, eventually the AAF made an exception to its segregation policy and sent black officers to what had been all-white training establishments for their advanced instruction. Faced with discrimination and often treated with less respect than white officers, their training suffered. As a result of these mounting delays and difficulties, the group was not operational until after the war. Tuskegee was, however, the single school for instruction of black pilots until it closed in 1946. Its graduates, along with the other air and ground personnel trained there for the 477th Bombardment and 332nd Fighter Groups, are the Tuskegee Airmen.
Tuskegee Airmen
Dr. Christopher Koontz, Historian, AFHSO.

This subject has received extensive treatment in written form and on the internet. A web search will yield a wealth of information. Links to get you started are:

, National Museum of the U. S. Air Force.
Blacks in the Army Air Forces During World War II: The Problems of Race Relations
Selected Books and Reports:

by Alan M. Osur. Office of Air Force History USAF, 1986. The Air Force Integrates 1954--1964

, by Alan L. Gropmen. Office of Air Force History USAF, 1985 .
Tuskegee (Weather) Airmen: Black Meterologists in World War I Air Power History. I

See this study published by the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine: United States Army Aeromedical Support to African American Fliers; 1941-1949: The Tuskegee Flight Surgeons.

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Those air crew and ground crew personnel associated with black flying units of the Army Air Forces (AAF) during World War II are known as the Tuskegee Airmen. On 16 January 1941, Secretary of the Army Henry L. Stimson authorized the formation of a black pursuit squadron.

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White House, Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC

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January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945

He ran the United States and was involved in WW2 until his death in 1945

Franklin Delano Roosevelt served the longest tenure in American history.

He worked with other national leaders in leading the Allies against the Axis powers.

sources: https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/impact-and-legacy

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franklin-D-Roosevelt

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April 20,1889-April 30,1945

Adolf Hitler began to have power over Germany in 1933

He had power over Germany when WW2 started and he was very much involved in WW2

He was a central figure in World War II, initiating the war with the invasion of Poland and orchestrating the Holocaust

sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/how-did-adolf-hitler-happen#:~:text=the%20Nazi%20Party.-,He%20ruled%20absolutely%20until%20his%20death%20by%20suicide%20in%20April,free%20press%20in%20the%201920s?

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Adolf Hitler, byname Der Führer (German: "The Leader"), (born April 20, 1889, Braunau am Inn, Austria-died April 30, 1945, Berlin, Germany), leader of the Nazi Party (from 1920/21) and chancellor ( Kanzler) and Führer of Germany (1933-45). He was chancellor from January 30, 1933, and, after President Paul von Hindenburg's death, assumed the twin titles of Führer and chancellor (August 2, 1934).

Hitler's father, Alois (born 1837), was illegitimate. For a time he bore his mother's name, Schicklgruber, but by 1876 he had established his family claim to the surname Hitler. Adolf never used any other surname.

Early life

After his father's retirement from the state customs service, Adolf Hitler spent most of his childhood in Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. It remained his favourite city throughout his life, and he expressed his wish to be buried there. Alois Hitler died in 1903 but left an adequate pension and savings to support his wife and children. Although Hitler feared and disliked his father, he was a devoted son to his mother, who died after much suffering in 1907. With a mixed record as a student, Hitler never advanced beyond a secondary education. After leaving school, he visited Vienna, then returned to Linz, where he dreamed of becoming an artist. Later, he used the small allowance he continued to draw to maintain himself in Vienna. He wished to study art, for which he had some faculties, but he twice failed to secure entry to the Academy of Fine Arts. For some years he lived a lonely and isolated life, earning a precarious livelihood by painting postcards and advertisements and drifting from one municipal hostel to another. Hitler already showed traits that characterized his later life: loneliness and secretiveness, a bohemian mode of everyday existence, and hatred of cosmopolitanism and of the multinational character of Vienna.

In 1913 Hitler moved to Munich. Screened for Austrian military service in February 1914, he was classified as unfit because of inadequate physical vigour; but when World War I broke out, he petitioned Bavarian King Louis III to be allowed to serve, and one day after submitting that request, he was notified that he would be permitted to join the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment. After some eight weeks of training, Hitler was deployed in October 1914 to Belgium, where he participated in the First Battle of Ypres. He served throughout the war, was wounded in October 1916, and was gassed two years later near Ypres. He was hospitalized when the conflict ended. During the war, he was continuously in the front line as a headquarters runner; his bravery in action was rewarded with the Iron Cross, Second Class, in December 1914, and the Iron Cross, First Class (a rare decoration for a corporal), in August 1918. He greeted the war with enthusiasm, as a great relief from the frustration and aimlessness of civilian life. He found discipline and comradeship satisfying and was confirmed in his belief in the heroic virtues of war.

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Adolf Hitler | Biography, Rise to Power, & Facts

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Adolf Hitler, the infamous dictator of Nazi Germany, rose to power with his radical ideology and orchestrated one of history's darkest periods through World War II and the Holocaust.

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April 29,1901- January 7, 1989

He was the Emperor of Japan during World War II

He oversaw Japan's rise in militarism and approved the decision to go to war which led to the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.

sources: Emperor Hirohito - Atomic Heritage Foundation

Nuclear Museum

https://www.history.com/articles/hirohito#:~:text=uprooting%20of%20peasants.-,Japan's%20Involvement%20in%20World%20War%20II,declared%20war%20one%20day%20later.

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1943

The U.S. military needed strong, waterproof tape that could rip easily.

A woman created the tape to help the soldiers.

The tape kept moisture out and made it easy for soldiers to get ammo quickly without using tools.

It helped many soldiers once it was invented.

sources https://www.jnj.com/our-heritage/vesta-stoudt-the-woman-who-invented-duct-tape

https://blog.cantech.com/cantech/sticking-together-the-fascinating-history-of-duct-tape#:~:text=The%20Johnson%20%26%20Johnson%20division%20known,with%20complex%20seals%20or%20tools.

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rom home repairs to camping to art projects, duct tape has thousands of uses. Seventy-five years after it was first created by a Johnson & Johnson operating company, it's hard to imagine life without this product-which is still so popular to this day that it even has its own fan website and festival.

The iconic tape was invented by an Illinois mom named Vesta Stoudt who wanted to save soldiers' lives in World War II. The year was 1943 and Stoudt, who had two sons serving in the U.S. Navy, was working at the Green River Ordnance Plant near Amboy, Illinois.

"She noticed that the boxes of ammunition she was packing and inspecting had a flaw," explains Margaret Gurowitz Margaret Gurowitz, Chief Historian, Johnson & Johnson ,Johnson & Johnson's Chief Historian. "They were sealed with paper tape, with a tab to open them. Workers then dipped the entire box in wax to make it waterproof. But the paper tape was very thin, and the tabs often tore off, leaving soldiers frantically trying to open the box while under fire."

"The military called the waterproof, cloth-backed, green tape 100-mile-per-hour tape because they could use it to fix anything, from fenders on jeeps to boots."

Stoudt had an "aha" moment: Why not create a waterproof cloth tape to seal the boxes instead? She suggested it to her supervisors but didn't find the support she was looking for. So Stoudt did what anyone would do: On February 10, 1943, she wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt outlining the problem and her solution, complete with diagrams!

President Roosevelt was so impressed that he passed her letter on to the War Production Board, which mailed a letter to Stoudt letting her know that her idea for duct tape had been approved. The board then asked the Industrial Tape Corporation (it later became Permacel)-then a Johnson & Johnson operating company-to make the product because of its demonstrated expertise in producing adhesive tapes. The rest is duct tape history.

"The military called the waterproof, cloth-backed, green tape 100-mile-per-hour tape," says Gurowitz, "because they could use it to fix anything, from fenders on jeeps to boots."

Fact: To this day, soldiers still use duct tape to do everything from repair equipment to patch footwear.

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Meet the Determined Woman Who Invented Duct Tape

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rom home repairs to camping to art projects, duct tape has thousands of uses. Seventy-five years after it was first created by a Johnson & Johnson operating company, it's hard to imagine life without this product-which is still so popular to this day that it even has its own fan website and festival.

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16th January 1930

It was created to improve propeller-driven planes

It works by drawing in air, compressing it, and mixing it with fuel

It was the first successful flight of a jet-powered aircraft in 1941.

sources:https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frank-Whittle#:~:text=Whittle%20obtained%20his%20first%20patent,a%20specially%20built%20Gloster%20E.

https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/jet-age#:~:text=Powerful%20and%20durable%2C%20jets%20enabled,wanted%20to%20could%20now%20fly.

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1930

It was first developed by British scientists and engineers

They made it to detect and track enemy aircraft, which was invented during World War II

It was meant to give the Allies an advantage in air defense and other military uses.

sources:https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-radar-changed-the-second-world-war

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First atomic bomb test site: located in New Mexico

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First atomic bomb test site: located in New Mexico

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July 16th , 1945

The Trinity test was the first time a nuclear weapon was set off, marking a huge moment in history and the start of the atomic age.

The test site was 210 miles (340 kilometers) south of Los Alamo, New Mexico

It was the first atomic bomb test site

sources: https://www.afnwc.af.mil/About-Us/History/Trinity-Nuclear-Test/#:~:text=Department%20of%20Energy)-,The%20world's%20first%20nuclear%20explosion%20occurred%20on%20July%2016%2C%201945,knocking%20observers%20to%20the%20ground.

https://www.britannica.com/story/discover-more-about-the-first-atomic-bombs-tested-and-used-during-world-war-ii

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February 19, 1942 - March 20, 1946

Japanese American internment camps were places where over 120,000 people were forced and held during World War II

The government used national security as an excuse to forcibly relocate Japanese Americans from the West Coast.

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor the U.S. The government started to suspect Japanese Americans of being spies.

sources: Japanese-American Incarceration During World War II

National Archives (.gov)

https://www.archives.gov › lessons › japanese-relocation

https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/presidential-inquiries/japanese-american-internment

https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation

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1937-1938

Chinese soldiers were located and killed, and left to die

Japanese soldiers killed 200,000–300,000 people, sexually assaulted women and some men, and destroyed China during their invasion.

Japan wanted to take more territory in Asia

It became one of the most horrific war crimes

sources:https://www.history.com/articles/nanjing-massacre

https://www.britannica.com/event/Nanjing-Massacre

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Rape of Nanjing: Massacre, Facts & Aftermath | HISTORY

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The Rape of Nanjing, or the Nanjing Massacre, was the 1937 sacking of Nanjing by invading Japanese forces during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

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September 8, 1941-January 27, 1944.

It was where over a million people died due to starvation, disease, and bombing by Nazi forces.

They wanted to destroy the city and its people

It showed Nazi cruelty and Soviet strength, lasting 900 days with over a million deaths.

sources:https://www.history.com/articles/the-siege-of-leningrad#:~:text=German%20Forces%20Isolate%20Leningrad,continual%20bombing%20from%20the%20air.%E2%80%9D

https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Leningrad#:~:text=Sparse%20food%20and%20fuel%20supplies,in%20the%20city%20by%201943.&text=Soviet%20offensives%20in%20early%201943,and%20updated%20by%20Michael%20Levy.

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The Siege of Leningrad: When Hitler Used Starvation as a Weapon | HISTORY

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On September 8, 1941, German forces closed in around the Soviet city of Leningrad, initiating a siege that would last nearly 900 days and claim the lives of 800,000 civilians.

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1933- 1945

It was when Nazi Germany intentionally targeted and killed over six million Jewish people during World War II, as part of a planned effort to eliminate them.

Jews were blamed for Germany's issues, and as Nazi control expanded, other Jewish communities also faced persecution and pressure to leave.

It shows the dangers of hatred and racism.

sources:https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/holocaust

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The Holocaust | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

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The Holocaust was Nazi Germany’s deliberate, organized, state-sponsored persecution and machinelike murder of approximately six million European Jews and at least five million Soviet prisoners of war, Romany, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, and other victims.

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January 14, 1943

It was a meeting

They finalized Allied strategies against the Axis powers.

It marked the first demand for unconditional surrender from the Axis powers

sources:The Casablanca Conference

The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

https://www.nationalww2museum.org › war › articles

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/casablanca#:~:text=The%20Casablanca%20Conference%20was%20a,policy%20of%20%E2%80%9Cunconditional%20surrender.%E2%80%9D

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November 28 to December 1, 1943.

It was the first meeting of the Allied leaders during WWII and helped set up the victory by agreeing to open a second front in Europe.

The conference focused on starting a second front in Western Europe against Nazi Germany.

It brought together the leaders of the major Allied powers to plan strategies for winning WWII.

sources:https://www.britannica.com/event/Tehran-Conference#:~:text=Government%20International%20Relations-,Tehr%C4%81n%20Conference,Baltic%20coast%20of%20East%20Prussia.

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Tehrān Conference, (November 28-December 1, 1943), meeting between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in Tehrān during World War II. The chief discussion centred on the opening of a "second front" in western Europe. Stalin agreed to an eastern offensive to coincide with the forthcoming Western Front, and he pressed the western leaders to proceed with formal preparations for their long-promised invasion of German-occupied France.

Though military questions were dominant, the Tehrān Conference saw more discussion of political issues than had occurred in any previous meeting between Allied governmental heads. Not only did Stalin reiterate that the Soviet Union should retain the frontiers provided by the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 1939 and by the Russo-Finnish Treaty of 1940, but he also stated that it would want the Baltic coast of East Prussia. Though the settlement for Germany was discussed at length, all three Allied leaders appeared uncertain; their views were imprecise on the topic of a postwar international organization; and, on the Polish question, the western Allies and the Soviet Union found themselves in sharp dissension, Stalin expressing his continued distaste for the Polish government-in-exile in London. On Iran, which Allied forces were partly occupying, they were able to agree on a declaration (published on December 1, 1943) guaranteeing the postwar independence and territorial integrity of that state and promising postwar economic assistance.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Michael Ray.

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Tehran Conference | Facts History, & Significance | Britannica

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Tehran Conference (November 28-December 1, 1943), meeting of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in Iran during World War II. The chief discussion concerned the opening of a second front in Europe with the invasion of German-occupied France.

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February 4, 1945

It was a meeting

U.S., UK, and Soviet leaders planned Europe’s future and how to defeat Japan.

Tensions between the Allies quickly grew, leading to the Cold War and the division of Europe.

It marked a critical moment in shaping the post-World War II world order

sources:https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-yalta-conference-at-seventy-five-lessons-from-history/#:~:text=Seventy%2Dfive%20years%20ago%2C%20on,make%20deals%20at%20their%20expense.

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The Yalta Conference at seventy-five: Lessons from history

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The strategic vision that Roosevelt spelled out in the Atlantic Charter and sought to realize at Yalta—even if miserably—now seems the right one.

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July 17 and August 2, 1945

The conference was for the Allied leaders of World War II

It was focused on key post war issues

It determined how Germany and Austria would be divided and governed after World War II

sources:https://www.britannica.com/event/Potsdam-Conference

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Potsdam Conference, (July 17-August 2, 1945), Allied conference of World War II held at Potsdam, a suburb of Berlin. The chief participants were U.S. President Harry S. Truman, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (or Clement Attlee, who became prime minister during the conference), and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin.

Learn about the Potsdam Conference attended by Winston Churchill, Harry Truman, and Joseph Stalin to decide the future of Germany and Europe after World War II

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The conferees discussed the substance and procedures of the peace settlements in Europe but did not attempt to write peace treaties. That task was left to a Council of Foreign Ministers. The chief concerns of the Big Three, their foreign ministers, and their staffs were the immediate administration of defeated Germany, the demarcation of the boundaries of Poland, the occupation of Austria, the definition of the Soviet Union's role in eastern Europe, the determination of reparations, and the further prosecution of the war against Japan. The amity and good will that had largely characterized former wartime conferences was missing at Potsdam, for each nation was most concerned with its own self-interest, and Churchill particularly was suspicious of Stalin's motives and unyielding position.

The Potsdam Conference's Declaration on Germany stated, "It is the intention of the Allies that the German people be given the opportunity to prepare for the eventual reconstruction of their life on a democratic and peaceful basis." The four occupation zones of Germany conceived at the Yalta Conference were set up, each to be administered by the commander-in-chief of the Soviet, British, U.S., or French army of occupation. Berlin, Vienna, and Austria were also each divided into four occupation zones. An Allied Control Council made up of representatives of the four Allies was to deal with matters affecting Germany and Austria as a whole. Its policies were dictated by the "five Ds" decided upon at Yalta: demilitarization, denazification, democratization, decentralization, and deindustrialization. Each Allied power was to seize reparations from its own occupation zones, although the Soviet Union was permitted 10-15 percent of the industrial equipment in the western zones of Germany in exchange for agricultural and other natural products from its zone.

Poland's boundary became the Oder and Neisse rivers in the west, and the country received part of former East Prussia. This necessitated moving millions of Germans in those areas to Germany. The governments of Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria were already controlled by communists, and Stalin was adamant in refusing to let the Allies interfere in eastern Europe. While in Potsdam, Truman told Stalin about the United States' "new weapon" (the atomic bomb) that it intended to use against Japan. On July 26 an ultimatum was issued from the conference to Japan demanding unconditional surrender and threatening heavier air attacks otherwise. After Japan had rejected this ultimatum, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The protocols of the Potsdam Conference suggested continued harmony among the Allies, but the deeply conflicting aims of the Western democracies on the one hand and the Soviet Union on the other in fact meant that Potsdam was to be the last Allied summit conference.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Michael Ray.

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Potsdam Conference | Facts, History, & Significance

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Potsdam Conference, (July 17-August 2, 1945), Allied conference of World War II held at Potsdam, a suburb of Berlin. The chief participants were U.S. President Harry S. Truman, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (or Clement Attlee, who became prime minister during the conference), and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin.

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October 18 to November 11, 1941

It was a meeting between the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union

They talked about war goals and postwar plans

They officially agreed that Germany must surrender without any conditions.

It set the groundwork for the post-war punishment of war criminals sources:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Moscow-Conferences

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/timeline-event/holocaust/1942-1945/moscow-declaration#:~:text=The%20Third%20Moscow%20Conference%20was,decision%20of%20the%20Allied%20governments.