# data[].attributes.body
production = output = yield

consumption = intake = ingestion

rate k đi vs người

What is most striking when looking at the data

budgetary allocation/ state budget

on this field

the most pronounced decline/ increase/ surge

the examined/ surveyed/ studied period

by/ of/ to varying degrees/ extents

increase = ascending trend

albeit to a lesser extent / but to a slower pace

the change of A mirrored/ contrasted with that of B

thereafter = afterwards

on the whole chart

followed by = prior to

# data[].attributes.body
increase/ rise/ escalate/ skyrocket/ surge/ soar

plunge/ plummet/ decrease/ drop/ fall/ wane

remain (relatively) unchanged, constant, stable, static, steady/ stabilize/ level off/ plateau at/ witness no change, stability

vary/ fluctuate -> fluctuation/ volatility/ variation

achieve its highest point/ reach a peak of/ peak at/ reach a high of

hit a trough of/ hit the lowest point of/ hit a low of/ bottom at

to south/ north of: dưới/ trên mức

significantly/ sharply/ rapidly/ steeply/ considerably/ substantially/ dramatically/ drastically/ precipitously

impressive = staggering

steadily/ moderately/ gradually/ modestly/ minimally

# data[].attributes.body
The (..) trend persisted/ continued in the subsequent years, as/since/ bcs a fall/ increase to... was witnessed at the end of the period

A trend was witnessed where ...S V

recover/ rebound to ...

in second/ first position/ place

maintain/ retain/ solidify/cement/ secure position

# data[].attributes.headline
Useful phrases for Writing task 1 ( spending/ cost/ expenditure )

# data[].attributes.subject
Useful phrases for Writing task 1 ( spending/ cost/ expenditure )

# data[].attributes.body
expenditure patterns

product categories

measured in ... ( $/ £ )

( dominant ) spending/ most purchased >< lowest spending categories

commanded the highest expenditure

regarding the increasing categories

allocate the largest sum to

climb higher in ranking

most purchased

bucking the ... trend: ngược xu hướng

halve from .. to ...

lost its ranking to .... ( a category )

in subsidises for

hover around

# data[].attributes.headline
Useful phrases for Writing task 1 (age/ participation rates)

# data[].attributes.subject
Useful phrases for Writing task 1 (age/ participation rates)

# data[].attributes.body
female rates

see a decline to their lowest levels

age withing the ... range

female counterparts

male adolescents/ teenagers and young adults

middle age

# data[].attributes.body
outpace = produce/ manufacture much/ significantly higher quantities than compared with the remaining countries

mark the beginning of a downward trend

dwindle to = decline

drop to second place

erratic (thất thường) trajectory

leading .. producer

# data[].attributes.body
predominantly derive calorie intake from ..

hinge on .... for their caloric sustenance

lead in ...

daily consumption of / consumption on a daily basis

serve as the principle source of

# data[].attributes.body
rank first/ take the lead/ claim the top spot/ maintain, retain its top leading position/ dominate the rankings/ emerge as the leading...

solidify its dominance

secure second place

be in the last place

rise to first place

neck and neck with = on a par with= reach parity with

ascend/ rise to the top positon/ be evelvated to

gradually descend to = be dethroned by = be relegated to = lose ground to

marginally/ ahead by a narrow margin

drop to third place

rank/ position higher/lower than

come in second

rank ahead of

overtake/ outperform/ surpass/ outpace/ leapfrog/ overshadow/ outclass

lag behind = struggle to climb to a higher ranking

rankings fluctuate significantly

secure a lower/ higher standing

# data[].attributes.body
shifting our focus to/ turning to/ moving on to the remaining countries

witness a starkly different scenario characterized/ marked by

the peak was temporary/short-lived / was not maintained

lowest investment

emerge as + title

at/ towards the end/ conclusion of the period

the rest = remainder of the period

đơn vị per -> quy ước

ví dụ: grams per person per week -> gpppw

revert to its initial levels

# data[].attributes.body
rates/ shares

represent/ account for/ comprise of/ constitute

of the total/ of the overall N ( budget, expenditure, spending,... )

the largest share of sth (spending)

quadruple : increase 4 times

similar/ equal/ comparable allocations

reallocate spending

offset by/ at the expense/ cost of : bù trừ cho

pecking order/ hierarchy

# data[].attributes.body
show a profile/ pattern

boast = has

top/ leading/ largest exporter/ tea-heavy market

record

lag/trail behind

closely follow

a minor difference/ variance>< a wide/large disparity

slightly edge out: có khoảng cách nhỏ với

broadly = relatively

the ..... (n) rate of

broken down by: được chia ra bởi

age group / số liệu + age group/bracket/cohort/cattegory

people falling within ... age range

in the age range of

aged + số

aged/ spanning between..., from..to

as age increases/ advances

across the entire chart

starkly different scenario

the corresponding/ respective figures for

where the trend reversed

settings = areas = environments

# data[].attributes.body
insurance coverage

newspaper - credibility, scrutiny, censorship, publication, journalist, resources

There is a common/ prevailing belief that = One school of thought holds that

this thinking/ sentiment

phase out of

engaging alternatives

books = printed material

digital media

make sth a better fit for

since the dawn of the 21st century

our world has been rapidly advancing

With points about to be elaborated on

interactivity

dynamic engagement

multimedia elements

reinforce concepts

there are good grounds for

Granted = Admittedly

the key rationale lies in

visual storytelling

gamified quizzes

understandable, well-founded

sustained focus

deep reading

focused, uninterrupted/ immersive/ distraction-free/ less distracting experience

power outages

continuous learning

pop-ups:

visualize words/ characters/settings .. described in text

create mental images

passive video watching

dense text and heavy theoretical content

rigid and disengaging

dynamic and interactive format

comprehension and retention

blurred vision

reflective thinking

online databases

simulations of real-life situations

cater to diverse learning styles through visual and auditory inputs

simplify abstract concepts

conflate: combine 2 things to form the whole

passive consumption: học thụ động

lack pedalogical depth

screen-based platform saturated with notifications and external stimuli

from a physiological standpoint

supplementary tool : phương tiện hỗ trợ

affirm their indispensable place in the educational landscape

# data[].attributes.body
Yet, herein lies the rub:

this line of thinking/perspective is flawed/ misguided

the feasibility of this idea is questionable at best

price hike: tăng giá

viable alternatives

modern transportation and industrial systems

intensify = mount

in tandem with

carbon-intensive energy sources

deeply entrenched = ingrained

# data[].attributes.body
firmly established on-time completion as the leading outcome

not substantial enough to alter their ranking

firmly cementing their positions as

the consistent dominance of on-time dissertation submissions

sufficient to elevate sth to

relegating it to the lowest position

# data[].attributes.body
in the subsequent/ following years

in two/ three,.. consecutive years

exhibited significant variability

ease slightly : giảm nhẹ

fall further to

albeit with slight variations

taper off = decrease

the share = proportion of

expenditure trends

ending the period at

percentage points

best-paid

as the leader in ... ( salary rates )

surpass by a considerable margin

# data[].attributes.body
hit an all-time low of

be expected/ anticipated/ projected/ forecasted to do

giving projections until

Overall, if all projections/... materialise/ are true, ....

ahead of = higher than

forecast indicates S V

# data[].attributes.body
be redirected towards

S is not only justified but also essential for a balanced and prosperous/ progressive society

the foundation of social welfare/ the welfare of citizenry

artistic endeavours = form the backbone of a functioning society

indulgent = wasteful = frivolous = non-essential luxuries

strengthening critical public services

the perceived elitism

affluent segments of society

broad societal relevance

safeguard historical significance

loss of invaluable cultural heritage

UK: art therapy programs to treat illnesses

elevate a country's international standing

stifle cultural vibrance

the enrichment and preservation of culture

repository in a country's heritage

bring immeasurable benefits

induce emotional regulation and enhance mental health

build soft power

not a diversion from national priorities

international prestige

complement and enrich the outcomes of traditional public spending

# data[].attributes.headline
Handout 15.05 national history >< world history

# data[].attributes.subject
Handout 15.05 national history >< world history

# data[].attributes.body
shape individual identity

foster a sense of belonging = stronger connection to the community

deeper appreciation for their history/ country

national pride and unity/ patriotism

understand the sacrifices for independence and sovereignty

cultural boundaries become blurred

ground sb in : teach sb sth

broaden perspectives

understand the interconnectedness of global events

global outlook/ worldview

lay the groundwork for global citizenship and awareness

sense of identity be diluted ( deteriorated )

complex interrelations between nations and global forces

# data[].attributes.body
overwhelming reservoirs of in4

breeding ground for misinformation

imprudent to live without tech

at the click of a button

discern what is relevant or accurate

complicate decision-making = decision fatigue

sidetrack, diminishing our focus on

blur the boundaries between work and personal life

labor-intensive jobs

Tech streamlines production process

retreat into a tech-free environment/ existence/ lifestyle

exponential growth/ surge of tech

reshaped/ revolutionized daily existence

bemoan = complain

not inherently detrimental

harness/ utilize tech's power

outright rejecting tech

bestow numerous benefits

judiciously/wisely/prudently/wissly/ adroitly

# data[].attributes.body
unable to = incapable to

fail to

lack the ability to

not in a position to

out of the question

there is no way to

find it impossible to

have no means to

prove to be impossible to

be restricted/prohibited from

unfeasible to

# data[].attributes.body
STRUCTURE:

One school of thought holds that / There is a common / prevailing belief

while others are adamant that S V/ champion + N

analyse both stances/closely examine both viewpoints

before concluding that I agree with/ align with/ side with/ lean towards the former / the latter

before showing my final thoughts/ offering a balanced perspective on the issue

On one hand / Admittedly / Granted, it is understandable/ there are compelling reasons / good grounds for the belief

Notwithstanding / Despite the aforementioned arguments, I am convinced that SV / it is my firm conviction that SV

From my perspective, a balanced view should be adopted. …

In conclusion, while acknowledging the reasons behind the belief that SV (40), I would contend / argue that SV (60)

In conclusion, while there are justifications / valid reasons for the belief that SV, I would contend that SV

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for SOCIAL MEDIA:

the increasing reliance on social media

erode/ undermine/ struggle with face to face communication skills = fundamental social skills = essential interpersonal skills

engage in digital communication

in-person interactions = real-time conversations

lack the emotional depth and non-verbal cues/ emotional cues

accessibility of learning materials

accommodate different learning styles

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for ENVIRONMENT/ HUMAN ACTIVITIES:

on the brink of extinction: Amur Leopard

extinct: Dodo and the Passenger Pigeon

reverse the damage done = make recovery difficult

permanently alters ecosystems

accelerated the loss of biodiversity to a point where the window of opportunity for intervention has passed

successful recovery of the California Condor

captive breeding programs and reintroduction into the wild

habitat restoration projects, rehabilitation of wetlands and coral reefs

resurgence of biodiversity

human-induced deforestation

timely and coordinated efforts

implement meaningful solutions

intervene stems from the alarming extent of environmental degradation that has already occurred

compounding = adding these threats

disrupting natural habitats and ecological stability

coral bleaching (san hô bị tẩy trắng)

offer refuge to vulnerable species

multilateral agreements ( Paris Accord)

it is premature to declare defeat

The path forward requires resolve and cooperation

the opportunity for recovery still exists, and must be seized without delay

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for STUDENT SELECTION:

inclusive educational environment = mixed-ability classrooms >< exclusive, ability-based settings

students of varying levels

tailor lessons to ( align more closely with ) the specific needs

bolster student confidence

inclusive model mirrors the real world = reflection of real-world dynamics

recognize and appreciate the unique strengths and perspectives

far outweigh the costs

fostering harmful labeling effects

Students placed in lower streams

internalize a sense of inadequacy

negative self-perception

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for NUTRITIONS AND FOOD CHOICES:

correlation (sự tương quan) / link between the well-being of individuals and food choices/ dietary choices

escalating into (tiến triển) social discontentment

uphill task / monumental task

developing and economically strained / impoverished countries such as Vietnam or South Sudan

given the leeway/ freedom/ autonomy to

daily monitoring and supervising individuals' food intake

laws pertaining to (liên quan tới) nutrition and food choices/ food-related

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for ENVIRONMENT SAFEGUARDING/ RESPONSIBILITIES:

implement large-scale policies and regulations

curbing pollution at its source/ ROOTS

setting national environmental standards

Daily actions, when multiplied across millions of people

powerful tools to hold governments and corporations accountable

take the lead in creating frameworks and incentives

The synergy between top-down policies and bottom-up actions

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for CAREER PATH:

no one-size-fits-all answer to this question = no definitive answer

the most suitable choice depends on individual goals, career aspirations, and circumstances

place a premium = priority on hands-on experience

Internships or entry-level positions

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for DYNAMIC CHART:

emerge as leading contributors to ...

progressive drop/ increase

a steep pullback = steep reduction

arrivals = tourists

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for SALARIES:

enjoy better compensation

juggle multiple jobs = various income streams

instituting/imposing a salary limit

mitigate the income disparity

engage in illicit activities driven by financial disparities

in pursuit of (mưu cầu) better financial opportunities

be strategically allocated to critical sectors

prominent conglomerate: tập đoàn lớn

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for FRESH WATER CONSUMPTION:

see fit = see reasonable

This view is often predicated = predicted on the belief

drying up of rivers and the depletion of underground aquifers

be easier said than done

the extreme opposition of many to this policy

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for AI:

anticipates positive changes = confer upon humans numerous benefit

the automation of repetitive tasks

streamline the automobile manufacturing processes

reduced heavy workloads

revolutionize healthcare

skeptics express concerns about the potential risks associated with

malicious purposes: cyberattacks and surveillance

proceed with caution

holds promise for: hứa hẹn

its deployment = its use

governments and regulatory bodies

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for HEALTHCARE >< OTHER SECTORS:

a daunting and prohibitively expensive task

beyond the financial reach

government's stretched budget

divert funds from crucial sectors

# data[].attributes.body
Ads and Disads Structure

The idea/concept of … (N/Ving) is becoming more popular/is gaining more popularity/is gaining more traction/is gaining momentum in various countries/ in previous generations.

There has been an ongoing trend / a growing trend towards sb (chỉ người) Ving.

Thesis:

While this has admittedly certain benefits, I would contend that these are outweighed / overshadowed by the drawbacks. (cons > pros)

While this has admittedly certain benefits, I would contend that this is a largely / predominantly (phần lớn/nhìn chung) a negative development

Body 1:

On the one hand/ Granted/Admittedly, … can be advantageous / beneficial to a certain extent. One significant benefit is that

Admittedly, proponents / advocates / supporters of … often cite/ concern (negative)

Nevertheless, the aforementioned advantages are questionable at best/are highly doubtful. …

Body 2:

On the other hand, I am convinced that the aforementioned advantages pale in significance when compared to the drawbacks of …

Notwithstanding/Despite the aforementioned benefits, I am convinced that this trend has come with a litany (variety) of (-) problems/this trend is riddled with a litany of problems (negative)

One legitimate / valid (chính đáng) concern revolves around (xoay quanh) Noun / One legitimate concern is that SV …

Conclusion

In conclusion, despite certain benefits of …, I am of the opinion/I am adamant that its drawbacks are far/much more pronounced/significant/glaring, including N

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for CHANGING JOBS:

job-hopping trend: trend nhảy việc

transient workers = job-hopper -> less appealing candidates for roles requiring profound expertise/ high specialization

erosion of expertise

committed for the long haul

benefits/ perks of the previous occupation : promotion opportunities, salary increments, insurance coverage, loyalty bonuses, or comprehensive retirement plans

tenure: nhiệm kỳ làm việc

achieve mastery / perfection in a certain field

dedicated years of consistent training, eg: doctors, lawyers

get acquainted with a new working environment / new colleagues / team dynamics

accumulate / gain new working experience + new skills

align better with their personal and professional goals

expand social network

multidisciplinary approach to problem-solving

upskilling: training

a positive force for modern career development

flexible internal mobility policies

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for SPORTS SPONSORSHIP:

the world of sports

detract from the authenticity of sports

extensive display of corporate logos on players' uniforms and stadiums => overshadow the event

prioritizing commercial interests over the well-being of athletes and the integrity of competitions => distort the nature development of sports

the backing of multinational companies

emerging players like Naomi Osaka and Carlos Alcaraz

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for HOMESCHOOLING:

entrust responsibility/undertaking to teachers

self-teaching

relieved from soaring costs of tuition

freely tailor curriculums

personalized / individualized experience

offset/surpass/exceed the savings from avoiding school tuition fees

pedagogical skills

forgo a full-time job: hi sinh công việc full-time

socially inept

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for NEWS ON SOCIAL MEDIA:

obtain connections as well as update news

heavy/excessive reliance on social media for communication and news

transformed / reshaped / revolutionized (định hình) global communication

empowering people from different parts of the world to not only instantly connect, but also remain in contact with others, regardless of geographical barriers.

conducive to the dissemination of news

events/affairs from every corner of the globe

broadcasted swiftly

accumulating hundreds of ‘friends’ or ‘followers’ with a simple click often results in connections lacking depth and authenticity/intimacy

breeding grounds of misinformation

unverified news can be circulated (quay vòng) promptly

In tandem with this

influx of updates

erosion of privacy

personal data is frequently harvested and sold

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for REMOTE TRIPS:

isolated/far-off/far-flung/ remote/ less accessible regions and communities

delicate ecosystems -> disturbances in wildlife: fragile coral reefs

bring in revenue for the community

commercialization of their culture

eroding the community's cultural identity and heritage

Authenticity may be diluted or lost altogether: South America

misrepresenting or oversimplifying their rich traditions

displacement of local communities: Venice

ancestral lands

influx = exodus

call these regions home = local

robust regulatory frameworks in place: Bhutan

high-value, low-impact tourism policy

fund environmental conservation programs and community development projects

monetizing remote destinations

eg:  Machu Picchu, Peru

a welcome development

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for REJECTING APPLICANTS FOR AGE:

promotes equality/ social justice and inclusivity

a wealth of experience and institutional knowledge

operational efficiency and competitiveness.

reducing morale

expanding their workforce or investing in new opportunities

# data[].attributes.body
Cause and solution STRUCTURE:

Intro:

Recent years have witnessed ... [N_phrase / phenomenon]. This essay attempts to outline / shed light on the underlying reasons behind this phenomenon before proposing some viable/workable solutions to alleviate/address it.

Body 1:

There are two main / primary reasons / factors leading to /contributing to N // There are two main reasons explaining why SV (mainstream)

(N_phrase / phenomenon) can stem from / originate from/ can be attributed to/be ascribed to (bắt nguồn) / can be traced to two main reasons. One primary reason / Chief among these is that … This is because … In addition to this/Additionally, …

Body 2:

In order to address the aforementioned problem, the following steps should be taken / implemented. Chief / Foremost among these / One significant / crucial step could be that … This is because … Aside from that /Beyond that, …

Conclusion:

In conclusion, … (nguyên nhân / factors) give rise to (-) / lead to (+, -) … (hiện tượng). However, this issue is still positively soluble, but not without … / this issue is far from insoluble, but not without …

(đúng và đủ)

=> However, this issue is far from insoluble, but not without government intervention. / without the collaboration of individuals and governments.

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for FOOD WASTE:

leftovers

buffet establishments/restaurants

concerted / mutual efforts are required / necessitated

robust government regulations

grappling/ juggling with inefficiency of supply chains: lack of infrastructure: storage facilities and inadequate transportation networks

losses in agricultural produce: thiếu hụt nông sản

eg: Nigeria

stringent aesthetic standards/misaligned aesthetic standards

eg: US

strategic investments in infrastructure

support package: gói hỗ trợ từ các tổ chức, các nước phát triển = international support

cold storage units and improved transportation networks:

eg: US - Save Food Initiative

food distribution networks

spearheading (v) this change: Australia - 'Odd Bunch' campaign by Woolworths

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for SPORTS:

forsake health-enhancing activities

The declining/dwindling/waning popularity of sports

fast-paced nature of the modern era

keep up with the hustle and bustle of life

activities beyond work and personal interests

Worse still: tệ hơn thế

indulge themselves in personal hobbies from the comfort of their homes

requisite (cần thiết)

cradle: cái nôi

galvanize / guide

actions from many parties/stakeholders/camps (các bên)

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for MUSEUMS:

the low turnout/ percentage of visitors

=  the underrepresentation of local residents

a deeper connection between locals and their heritage

partner (v) with

financially viable

operating on tight budgets

implementing tiered pricing

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for COMPUTER GAMES:

staple

virtual experiences

entertainment value

excessive computer gaming

prolonged periods in front of screens

long-term vision problems, such as myopia

desensitize children to aggression

hostile behavior

not interfere with essential tasks

maintain a balance between recreation and responsibility

age-appropriate games: educational or adventure-based games

align with their children’s development and values

# data[].attributes.body
Why positive/negative STRUCTURE:

Intro:

Recent years have witnessed ...

This essay attempts to outline the underlying reasons behind this phenomenon before concluding that this trend is largely disadvantageous for both individuals and the society.

This essay will first outline the underlying reasons behind this trend before arguing that it is a largely / predominantly negative development.

Body 1:

… can be attributed to two main factors. Chief among these … This is because … In addition to this, … This means that …

Body 2:

Although S V / Despite Ving/Noun …, I am convinced that they come at the expense of more pronounced problems. The primary concern is that … Worse still, …

Conclusion:

In conclusion, … is largely driven by factors such as ... Notwithstanding certain benefits, this trend should be seen as a negative, with all the problems of … (Ving/N)

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for MONEY:

everyday/daily discussions revolving around (xoay quanh) financial matters =  the upward trajectory (xu hướng)/ trend of discussing personal finances in daily conversations

Skyrocketing expenses

created a climate/situation where

engage in financial dialogues

share their economic woes (than vãn)

ubiquitous/widespread/pervasive influence of social media

amplified (thổi phồng) the prevalence/popularity of money-related discussions= constant money-centric conversations

flaunting their possessions (tài sản) and lavish lifestyles

pen discourse about income and expenditures is not only normalized but also encouraged.

enhancing financial literacy and enabling informed financial decisions

come at the cost/expense of (đánh đổi) more profound issues/come at the expense of a litany of (-) problems.

stronger emphasis on material wealth = unhealthy fixation/emphasis on material wealth

prioritize financial success over more meaningful aspects of life

This is further compounded/exacerbated by the potential repercussions / consequences

on a broader/grander scale

societal divide (phân cực xã hội) based on economic status.

propelled by/can be ascribed to/driven by

precipitate (đẩy mạnh hơn ~ accelerate) negative social consequences.

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for REJUVENATING:

skin rejuvenation treatments

maintain a youthful appearance = turn back the clock

the onset of wrinkles or graying hair

capitalizing on people's insecurities about aging

sagging skin or crow’s feet

confidence and self-worth are tied to a youthful look

inundated with

portray individuals with freckles or wrinkles as less confident >< boundless confidence of those with smooth, youthful skin

relentless marketing strategies= manipulative marketing tactics

driving up sales

deliver miraculous results

bold claims and widespread popularity

proliferation of unregulated beauty salons

lacking proper certification in cosmetic treatments = unqualified practitioners

patrons of such establishments: những người thường xuyên lui tới các cơ sở

botched procedures: quy trình sai sót

undergo costly corrective surgeries

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for INCREASING SALES:

impulse buying

sense of urgency among potential buyers

clear old inventory

targeting specific demographics with tailored ads

promoting visually appealing products

grew exponentially

influencer marketing

scalable

emphasizing unique selling points

improving and differentiating their offerings

build strong customer loyalty

maintain a competitive edge

loyal customer base

maintain their market position

aligns with their specific needs

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for HAPPINESS:

rise in income levels

access to modern technologies

higher incomes and a more stable infrastructure

strong focus on material success and career achievement

constant pursuit of wealth and status

feelings of burnout, isolation, and dissatisfaction: JP, US

work-life balance, mental health awareness, and community-buildin

personal well-being and social cohesion

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for ARTS:

science and technology are rapidly advancing

scientific discoveries and technological innovations

insights into the human experience

provide a unique lens through which we can explore emotions, creativity, and cultural identity

capture and express the full range of human emotions

convey the depth and complexity of human feelings

resonates deeply with people on an emotional level

transcends cultural and linguistic boundaries

evoking a shared sense of empathy and understanding

understanding of the human condition, our joys, sorrows, and struggles

think outside the box and imagine new possibilities

comes from artistic vision

draw inspiration from art and culture

integrating creativity with functionality

more complete view of the world we live in

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for CHANGES IN MAP:

showcase the current structure/ layout

be projected to / be planned to / be expected to / be forecasted to V / be anticipated to V

as well as displaying its future/redevelopment plan: cấu trúc cho tương lai

OVERVIEW:

General statement

Changes: (+) (-)

Meaning of changes: ý nghĩa

illustrate the transformation / evolution / development of/ wave of changes/ rearrangements

undergone significant / notable changes marked by the introduction of ..... which come at the expense of >< unchanged / unaltered/ left untouched/ pristine condition = retained their positions and functions

Change: modify/ transition

appears/emerges to the west/north/... of

have = feature

been erected/built/constructed/ updated/ Developed

in parallel with

changes take place/ occur/ happen at the expense/ cost of : thay đổi làm mất đi ....

removed / dismantled for = replace with = relinquish = supplant/ demolish / knocked down to make way / room for/ repurposed into/turned into/ destruct

give place to = make room for

significantly urbanized/ renovated/ modernized

expanded and linked with ... by

extend: kéo dài

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary for POSITION IN MAP:

At the top / at the bottom

On the right / left side

In the right-hand / left-hand corner ( corner )

In the middle / in the center / in the heart

on either side of the center

be flanked by: bị kẹp giữa

along

Across from: đối diện

Opposite: đối diện (không cần giới từ + danh từ)

Close To = adjacent to ( speaking ) = Next To = Beside/ in (close) proximity with / to : bên cạnh đó = neighbor (v)

10 miles / kilometers from

10 miles to the right of

10 miles north of

is situated/placed/positioned/located

be covered with = be bordered / encircled by

is connected to ... via/through/by means of (thông qua)

interconnected by

traverse through (xuyên qua)

To the + hướng: về phía gì

Moving westward/.... along the

After / Upon entering the entrance

In the south (of …) (ở phía gì của địa điểm đề bài cung cấp)

occupy significantly/ partly/ ... south/north ( ern ) area/ region/ part/ section

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Vocabulary for PLACES IN MAP:

zone/ area/ space/ venue/ block/ section/ complex dedicated to/ belongs to/ designated for

Residential / housing area: an area that has lots of houses and some schools.

Houses = dwellings = accommodations

central residential square

Industrial area: an area that has lots of factories

Commercial area: an area that has lots of stores

Hospital: a health facility where patients receive treatment

Zoo: a place where people can go and see many kinds of animals

Post office: a place where you can send mail (letters and packages)

Fire station: a station housing fire apparatus and firemen

Airport: an airfield equipped with control tower and hangers as well as accommodations for passengers and cargo

Skyscraper: very tall buildings

Warehouse: a building where things are kept until they are sold.

Park (n): a recreational area where people can play football and have picnics

A car park / a motorbike park

Parking (a) lot/space/area: an area where people can park cars

Museum: a place that displays things of scientific or historical or artistic value

Dining/... venues

classroom block

Supermarket: a large store that sells mostly food but sometimes other items such as clothes and furniture.

Factory: an industrial plant, a production facility,

Woodland: an area with lots of trees

River: a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

Street: the place where cars drive

road running to the west/north...

Intersection: the point where several streets meet. (ngã giao, ngã 3, ngã tư) => intersect (v) with: giao với cái gì

those hosting/ incorporating/ housing .....activities

agriculture-dependent: thiên về nông nghiệp

Recreational / sports facilities/ amenities

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Vocabulary for RENTAL ROOM MAP:

the floor plans: room layout

singe/ double occupancy rental room

additional furnishings: thêm nội thất

straightforward layout

kitchen appliances

arranged horizontally/ vertically from left to right

wall-mounted: dính vào tường

dimension of .. height and ... width

seperated by a partition: ngăn cách bởi tấm ngăn

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Vocabulary for TOWERS:

investment amounts = costs

upon completion: ngay thời điểm hoàn thành

square-shaped base

incur a cost

intricate and modern

stand at the height of

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Cyclical/ Linear process STRUCTURE:

- Intro:

The diagram/picture illustrates/details the cyclical/linear process/ sequential process involved in of producing / recycling …

Overall, the cyclical/linear process comprises/encompasses/ can be segmented into (bao gồm) ... steps, commencing / beginning with … (N_phrase/Ving) and ending with …

Notably, almost all steps are done / carried out manually/ automated (with the support / aid / assistance of some machines / some traditional tools. ) / Notably, there is no limit to how many ....can be .....

- Body 1:

The process commences /begins with N_chỉ vật being Ved / The process commences with sb Ving

At this facility, S V

Upon arrival/After being Ved, SV … =>

Once (một khi) Ved, SV

Once / When SV1, SV2

- Body 2:

Having undergone … (Ving - kết đoạn 1), S V // Following this, SV (mention lại bước kết thúc body 1)

subsequently/then

which is/are then

Thereafter/After that/Following this, SV

SV1, after which SV2

S V, before being Ved

S V, followed by/prior to

Finally/Ultimately, …

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CUTTING TOOL:

Fast forward 800,000 years

more advanced design

its predecessor

distinct shaping on both sides

rough texture on the surface

adopted a more streamlined, tear-drop design

broad at the base and narrowing sharply towards the tip

a departure from the earlier, blunter design

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VOCALNOES MAP:

covered with lush vegetation and residential structures

Post-eruption

half of the architectural structures were destroyed

leaving only the remaining half intact

dense patches of foliage

enveloped in coconut trees

lava flow

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Vocabulary for RULES AND LAWS:

The legal system

rendered / made chaotic and dysfunctional

unbridled/unlimited freedom

provide a framework

set out the expectations

mandate/necessitate/require obedience to

perilous /ˈper.əl.əs/ landscapes

upholding justice under the law

Laws pertaining to/related to

protected from unjust dismissal

a breeding ground for large-scale worker protests

social unrest

smooth functioning of society

pave the way for social disorder and upheaval

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Vocabulary for FORMAL SCHOOLING:

parents, educators, and policymakers

like sponges, absorbing vast amounts of information from a young ag

structured learning environment

harness / leverage (khai thác = exploit) this capacity/ability

providing them with a head start (khởi đầu vững vàng) in their academic pursuits/journeys

unstructured play and exploration

beneficial/fruitful

embarking on

international education benchmarks

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Vocabulary for CHILDCARE TRAINING:

compulsory parenting education

lack of a universal parenting guide

complexities of raising children

a major hurdle

dedicate additional hours to childcare training

offers a wealth of free content

the noble goal of

the necessity appears less urgent

providing structured learning

more informed and responsible generation of parents

benefiting the broader society

juggling work and family life

exacerbate inequalities

valuable parenting tips and strategies

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Vocabulary for ECONOMIC GROWTH >< ENVIRONMENT:

environmental degradation

continued economic expansion

most viable path forward

lifting people out of poverty

food insecurity

robust economic performance

comes at a devastating cost to the environment

disproportionately: quá mức

short-sighted and ultimately self-defeating strategy

reconcile both goals

carbon pricing and circular economy initiatives

incentivize innovation without sacrificing ecological health

economic advancement is aligned with environmental stewardship (integrity)

offers the best hope for

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Vocabulary for CRIMINAL TRIALS:

televised in the name of transparency and public access to justice

most commonly cited advantages >< legitimate / valid (chính đáng) concerns

broadcasting court proceedings

fairness/ accountability, procedures, and reasoning behind judicial decisions

uphold impartiality

civic awareness

how justice is administrated

would-be offenders

nationwide scrutiny and social stigma

build trust in the justice system

corrupt or biased courts

unfamiliar/ abstract legal processes

form of sensationalized entertainment / media circus

Media outlets

gain higher viewership

spotlight is cast on the most dramatic or emotional parts of a trial

emotional testimonies or disturbing visuals

legal intricacies

transform into into mere spectacle

implement strict protocols

avoidance of sensationalism

judicial transparency

distorted and superficial understanding of justice

damage the dignity of the judicial process

compromise the fairness of the proceedings

intimidated

Legal professionals

testify truthfully

performative behavior >< sound legal reasoning

interfere with the objective delivery of justice

courtroom activities

full-scale televised trials

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Vocabulary for WELL-ROUNDED ACADEMIC FOUNDATION:

more specialized, interest-driven approach

broad base of knowledge

transferable skills

analytical skills and cultural awareness

invaluable in real-world settings

lack the maturity or foresight

exposing them to a wide range of disciplines

engage with material they find meaningful

excel and retain knowledge

In an age of increasing specialization

gaining a head start in a future career

develop a well-rounded intellect

dual strategy

broad academic curriculum

foundational skills and informed decision-making

An educational model that blends both approaches

well-prepared and fulfilled individuals

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Vocabulary for GLOBAL >< NATIONAL GOVERNMENT:

cosmocracy / having a global government

theoretically promising

ideological differences among national governments

political disparities

fueling this ongoing conflict

unified global governance

foster international harmony

armed conflicts

In this regard/ light/ That being the case (If this happens)

exacerbate/ aggravate (làm cho cái gì nghiêm trọng) international tensions

forging a bond between countries

establishment of a global state

come at the expense/ price/ cost of far-reaching macroeconomic repercussions

inherent differences in the economic mechanisms

merge them under a single governing system

imposing a common economic system

surpluses or deficits in various industries

all-powerful world government

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Vocabulary for INCARCERATION:

prevailing strategy

ex-convicts >< former prisoners/ inmates/ criminals

recidivism

return to / relapse into (tái phạm) criminal activities post-release/upon release

social reentry/social reintegration (tái hòa nhập cộng đồng)

harbors/has a hostile attitude

This stigma / discrimination manifests (thể hiện) itself starkly in

criminal records/ activities

insulting criticisms

ostracized/discriminated against

hold a grudge (lời nguyền) against (chống lại) society

breeding ground for further crimes

mitigating social discrimination against former convicts

a sense of exclusion from society

giving ex-prisoners a second chance at life

mental health counselling

public humiliation

recommitment of crimes

reduce social stigmatization / discrimination

enhancing rehabilitation and support systems