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South American military and political leader who led independence movements against Spanish rule in the early 1800s. Known as “El Libertador,” he played a key role in the liberation of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

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Emphasizes pride in one’s nation, culture, and history, often supporting independence from foreign rule. It can unite people within a country.

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A sudden and significant change in government, society, or political power, often achieved through protests, conflict, or uprising. Revolutions typically occur when people rise up against injustice, inequality, or oppressive rule.

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One country takes control of another area and takes advantage of its resources and people for economic and political gain.

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A system in which people or groups are ranked one above the other based on status, power, or authority

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Person born in Spain who held the highest social and political positions in Latin America. They were considered superior to people born in the colonies and had the most power.

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Person of Spanish descent born in the Americas, second in the Latin social hierarchy. Although wealthy and educated, creoles were often excluded from top government positions. They led the independence movements.

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An Argentine general and key leader in the struggle for South American independence from Spanish rule. He led revolutionary forces that liberated Argentina, Chile, and Peru in the early 1800s.

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A short-lived republic in South America, created by Simón Bolívar and modeled after the United States. It included present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama, but eventually broke apart due to regional differences and political conflicts.

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Catholic priest and revolutionary leader who launched Mexico’s fight for independence from Spain in 1810.

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A Mexican writer, poet, and nun known for her intelligence and support for women’s education. Despite living in a male-dominated colonial society, she became one of the most important literary figures of the Spanish-speaking world.