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Constructivism focuses on the interaction between the learner and the experience of learning. Some principles include:

Emphasis of the applicable context of knowledge

Importance of learner's capability to use information learned

Variety of information presentation

Transfer of knowledge to different situations

Some key contributors within this theory are Bednar, Spiro et. al, and Brown, Collins & Duguid.

Bednar defines the theory and emphasizes the importance of assessment of experience

Spiro, Feltovich, Jacobson & Coulson emphasizes the flexibility of knowledge through experience within this theory

Brown, Collins & Duguid reassures the connection of experience with learning and how the development of learning is built upon previous interactions.

This theory can be applied through real-world application activities like building a popsicle stick bridge to understand engineering objectives.

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Behaviorism focuses on the learning environment (stimulus) and the response elicited from the stimulus. Some principles include:

Observable outcomes or results from the learner

Reward and feedback

Use of simple to complex learning prompts

Some key contributors within this theory are Winn and Gropper.

Winn reinforces the lack of focus on the learner's mental processes to influence learning strategies.

Gropper lists the foundational conditions of a learning environment best suited for behaviorism.

This theory can be applied in a classroom by offering rewards like bonus points for homework completion or high scores. This theory can be applied in a work setting through commission sales - receiving a financial addition based on proper selling strategies.

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Cognitivism focuses on the reception, organization, storage and retrieval of information based on the learner's mental structure. Some principles include:

Active participation from the learner

Simplification and standardization to aid in efficient knowledge transfer

Guidance to support mental connections between new and previous knowledge

Some key contributors within this theory are Bower & Hilgard, Schunk, and Thompson.

Bower & Hilgard lay the foundation of defining cognitivism by highlighting the focus on states of knowledge and the learner's mental structures.

Schunk highlights the importance of memory and the role it plays in knowledge transfer.

Thompson reassures the focus on the learner's predisposition to learning and the acknowledgement of mental structures versus other theories' focus on environment and experience.

This theory can be applied in problem-solving activities like puzzles or math sequencing to utilize prior knowledge to solve new problems.