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To function effectively, a L2 learner needs to acquire different kinds of knowledge: Linguistic, Sociolinguistic, Discourse, Strategic, and Intercultural knowledge.

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Linguistic knowledge provides the structural and lexical foundation of language competence. It encompasses the learner’s understanding of sounds, word formation, sentence structure, meaning, and writing conventions, enabling them to produce accurate, intelligible, and meaningful communication in the target language.

Phonological, Morphological, Syntactic, Lexical,  and Semantic Knowledge.

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Sociolinguistic knowledge enables L2 learners to:

Use language appropriately across contexts and relationships.

Interpret implied meanings and cultural nuances.

Adjust speech, tone, and nonverbal behavior to fit different situations.

It is essential for communicative competence, as even grammatically perfect sentences can sound awkward or impolite if used in the wrong social context.

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Discourse knowledge allows L2 learners to move beyond sentence-level accuracy and achieve text-level fluency, ensuring their communication is cohesive, coherent, and contextually appropriate.

Developing discourse competence enables learners to:

Participate effectively in conversations,

Write coherent essays or reports,

Understand longer spoken and written texts, and

Adapt their communication to different contexts and audiences.

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Strategic knowledge empowers L2 learners to use available linguistic resources creatively and effectively. It enables them to communicate, learn, and adapt even when their linguistic knowledge is incomplete, making it a key component of communicative competence.

Types of Strategic Knowledge:

Communication Strategies

o   Paraphrasing

o   Approximation

o   Circumlocution

o   Code-switching

o   Nonverbal strategies

Learning Strategies

o   Cognitive strategies

o   Metacognitive strategies

o   Social/affective strategies

Repair and Compensation Strategies

o   Clarification requests

o   Confirmation checks

o   Self-correction

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Intercultural knowledge equips L2 learners with the awareness, sensitivity, and adaptability needed to communicate appropriately and respectfully across cultures. It bridges the gap between linguistic ability and cultural understanding, enabling learners to participate fully and effectively in intercultural communication.

Key Components of Intercultural Knowledge:

·       Cultural Awareness

·       Pragmatic and Sociocultural Competence

·       Cultural Interpretation and Empathy

·       Adaptability and Flexibility

·       Knowledge of Cultural Products and Practices