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Abolished slavery in the United States.

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Federal agency established to help formerly enslaved people with food, housing, education, and legal support.

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Abraham Lincoln is assassinated – April 1865

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Abraham Lincoln is assassinated – April 1865

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Lincoln was killed by John Wilkes Booth shortly after the Civil War ended.

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Abraham Lincoln is assassinated – April 1865

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Andrew Johnson becomes president – April 1865

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Andrew Johnson becomes president – April 1865

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Lincoln’s vice president took office after Lincoln’s assassination; Johnson’s policies favored rapid restoration of Southern states.

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Andrew Johnson becomes president – April 1865

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Laws in Southern states that restricted the rights of African Americans and tried to maintain white control.

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Southern constitutional conventions including freedmen – 1865–1867

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Southern constitutional conventions including freedmen – 1865–1867

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Southern states held conventions to rewrite constitutions after the Civil War, some including representation for freedmen.

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Southern constitutional conventions including freedmen – 1865–1867

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White supremacist group created to intimidate and terrorize African Americans and those supporting Reconstruction.

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Granted citizenship and equal rights to all people born in the U.S., overriding Black Codes.

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White mobs attacked Black communities, killing dozens and destroying property.

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Divided the South into military districts and required states to ratify the 14th Amendment and grant Black men voting rights to rejoin the Union.

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Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law for all people born or naturalized in the U.S.

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Prohibited denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

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Mississippi Plan or “Shotgun Policy” – 1875

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Mississippi Plan or “Shotgun Policy” – 1875

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Strategy by white Democrats using violence and intimidation to suppress Black voters and regain political control in the South.

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Ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South, effectively leaving African Americans without federal protection against discrimination and violence.