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Before we move on, electrons are now called orbitals.

So every time you see the term orbital, just know that it means electron.

That's not really the case. There's a beautiful and elegant distinction between orbitals and electrons but it's quite long + takes effort to understand. Hence, it's easier for us to get by by just interpreting orbitals as electrons. (We are not here to appreciate chemistry, we are just here for 4.0 right?)

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The study of how electrons fill up the electron shells of an atom

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Electrons move in a circular shell around the nucleus

Energy of electron is quantized

electrons will be promoted to a higher energy state (higher shell) when energy is supplied.

Electrons at higher energy state is unstable and will tend to fall back to its ground state while releasing excess energy in the form of EM waves (light)

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New Concept: Electrons Have Potential Energy

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New Concept: Electrons Have Potential Energy

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New Concept: Electrons Can Jump Between Shells When Energy Is Supplied To Or Taken Away From Them

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New Concept: Electrons Can Jump Between Shells When Energy Is Supplied To Or Taken Away From Them

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Formula To Calculate The Change In Energy (Energy Supplied/Released) When An Electron Jumped Between Shells

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Formula To Calculate The Change In Energy (Energy Supplied/Released) When An Electron Jumped Between Shells

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Energy Level Diagram Is A Method To Illustrate The Change In Energy When An Electron Jumped From One Shell To Another

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Energy Level Diagram Is A Method To Illustrate The Change In Energy When An Electron Jumped From One Shell To Another

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New Concept: Light Is Produced By The Jumping Of Electrons

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New Concept: Light Is Produced By The Jumping Of Electrons

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When electrons jump from a bigger shell (higher energy level) to a smaller shell (lower energy level), energy is released in the form of light (photon/EM waves)

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Formula To Calculate The Wavelength Of The Light Released

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Formula To Calculate The Wavelength Of The Light Released

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The Wavelength Of The Light Produced Is Collected And Presented In A Line Spectrum

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The Wavelength Of The Light Produced Is Collected And Presented In A Line Spectrum

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The closer the lines are, the shorter their wavelengths

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New Concept: When Electrons Jump From One Shell To Shell n=infinity, The Electron Is Ionized (Escaped From The Atom)

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New Concept: When Electrons Jump From One Shell To Shell n=infinity, The Electron Is Ionized (Escaped From The Atom)

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New Concept: Orbitals Have Unique Properties (Shapes, Positions, Sizes, Rotations...)

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New Concept: Orbitals Have Unique Properties (Shapes, Positions, Sizes, Rotations...)

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Quantum Numbers are methods to classify the properties of an orbital

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New Concept: Electron Shells Can Be Subdivided Into Subshells

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New Concept: Electron Shells Can Be Subdivided Into Subshells

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For example, the first shell (n=1) has 1 subshell (l=0), the second shell (n=2) has 2 subshells (l=0 and l=1)

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Video Illustrating The Formation Of Subshells

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Video Illustrating The Formation Of Subshells

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represents the size of the orbital

higher number, bigger size

higher number, higher energy

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represents the sub-shell the electron is in.

l=0 indicates that the electron is in the first subshell (s subshell)

l=1 indicates that the electron is in the second subshell (p subshell)

l=2 indicates that the electron is in the third subshell (d subshell)

l=3 indicates that the electron is in the fourth subshell (f subshell)

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Angular Momentum Quantum Number Dictates the Shape Of The Orbital

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Angular Momentum Quantum Number Dictates the Shape Of The Orbital

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represents the orientation of the orbital

higher the l, higher the possible orientations of the orbital

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represents the direction the electron is spinning

+1/2 = clockwise (denoted by an arrow pointing upwards)

-1/2 = anticlockwise (denoted by an arrow pointing downwards)

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Aufbau's method of filling up electron shells vs traditional method of filling up electron shells

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Aufbau's method of filling up electron shells vs traditional method of filling up electron shells

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No two electrons can have the same sets of quantum numbers

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Electrons will fill up all the empty orbitals first before filling up orbitals with single electrons

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Eg: Determine the spdf notation of Cl atom

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Eg: Determine the spdf notation of Cl atom

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Meaning:

1st shell 1st subshell contains 2 electrons

2nd shell 1st subshell contains 2 electrons

2nd shell 2nd subshell contains 6 electrons

3rd shell 1st subshell contains 2 electrons

3rd shell 2nd subshell contains 5 electrons

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Eg: Determine the orbital diagram of Cl atom

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Eg: Determine the orbital diagram of Cl atom

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Methods To Represent Electrons In An Atom

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Methods To Represent Electrons In An Atom