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It started in the middle of the 18th century and it finished in the middle of the 19th century

The industrial revolution was an economical revolution.

It started in the United Kingdom, because they had 13 colonies of cotton, however the population was fed up with the United Kingdom taking away all their rights and privileges, such as cotton, which was very expensive. It is an island, it also a constitutional monarchy. The United Kingdom had coal and thanks to that James Watt invented the steam engine.

In ancient times they had an absolute monarchy with a king, the nobility, the clergy, and the commoners. But after that the bourgeoisie that before are non privileged now are privileged.

This industrial revolution provoke demographic revolution.

Reasons for the population growth:

Food production increased.

Better hygiene and medicine. Development of vaccines.

Well-fed people can stand better diseases.

Pests and outbreaks decreased.

As a result:

Mortality rates fell down, and birth rates rose up.

Life expectancy rose to fifty from thirty-eight

More population meant more free hands to work, not only producing more food, but in manufactures.

The constitution can be three different types:

Executive ⇾ Govern

Legislative ⇾ Laws

Judicial

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It started in 1789 and ended in 1799.

The French Revolution was a political revolution.

Before the French Revolution there was an absolute monarchy with a king, the nobility, the clergy, and the commoners. The king, the nobility, and the clergy are privileged and are only 3%, however the commoners are not privileged and are about 97%.

The king and the nobility spent their money on clothes, hair, etc. And when they went bankrupt, the commoners had to pay taxes, and because of that was created wars with the United Kingdom.

The pyramid is representative of the old regime.

The enlightenment was a movement of intellectuals who promoted the use of reason and science.

The national day of France is in 14 of July in 1789, that day was the Bastille Day this date is marked as the beginning of the end of the old monarchy.

In 1799 the revolution ended when a military commander by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of the French legislature, eventually declared himself Emperor.

Eugène Delacroix painted “Liberty Leading the People”

In 1790 the king was behaved.

In 1793 the enlightenment wrote the declaration of the rights.

The American Revolution is a reference for France.

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It's from 1898 to 1923. Alfonso XIII was the king of Spain is from a Bourbon family since the Succession war. There were two political parties: Conservely party & Liberal parties.

Spain lost Puerto Rico, Philippines and Cuba.

Guam are small islands, and was from Spain, but after Spain lost the other islands sold Guam to Germany in 1931.

From 1868 to 1878 was the first war of independence of Cuba

Then, in 1891, was created the Anomzels laws. It’s obligate to high the taxes when articles like sugar and tobacco arrived.

From 1895 to 1898 was the second war of independence of Cuba for different reasons. And in this war, United States it also joined the war with Cuba.

From 1896 to 1898 Spain lost Philippines

And in 1897 Spain lost Puerto Rico

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The Spanish–American War (April 21 – December 10, 1898) was fought between Spain and the United States in 1898

In 1898 the United States and Spain went to war over the political future of Cuba. At the end of the conflict, the world's distribution of imperial power had dramatically changed, the old Spanish empire giving way to the imperialist ambitions of the young American nation.

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Carlism:

What they want? They want to return to absolutism, wants to return to old regime and Catholicism. They didn’t believe in the liberalism, constitution, powers. Not only that, but they think that the bible has organized the society no the constitution.

Where does it come from? It from 1833, when Ferran VII was the king, and died, he had only one daughter that was Isabel II, and she had only three years old. So Charles V brother of Ferran VII took the throne, but when Isabel grew he didn’t want to give up the throne to her.

He was the creator of Carlism, but she was with the Liberalism, and she had organized the society. Carlism it can be translated into traditionalism.

Lerrouxism:

They were against of the church and the Catholicism. Alejandro Lerroux was the creator of Lerrouxism. He proposed to the workest people to organize riots against the church.

Socialism:

They want political parties, They can use trade unions. They are with the state and the revolution. Karl Marx was the creator of the Socialism.

Socialism it can be translated into Marxism and Communism.

Anarchism:

They can use trade unions, but they didn’t want political parties, they aren’t with the state, they didn’t want authority. Bakunin was one of the first anarchist generations, along with Piotr Kropotkin, its creator.

THE FINAL IDEA OF BOTH IS TO DESTROY THE SOCIAL CLASSES. THEY HAVE TO CREATE A SOCIETY WITH FREEDOM AND EQUALITY. THEY DON’T WANT PRIVATE AND PROPERTIES.

Catalanism:

Enric Prat de la Riba/ Josep Puig i Cadafalch, They don’t want empires but territories, yes. The catalanism came from the Nationalism. They believe that a nation was a state In Spain were different to nationalism. After the Franchism.

Nationalism:

They didn’t want empires, they want a state-nation. In XIX

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UGT ⇾ General union of workers

Is with socialism, and you could found in the North of Spain and Madrid “globally”

CNT ⇾ National Confederation of Labor

Is with Anarchism, and was more important. You could found in Catalonia and Andalusia.

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It is the theater most important of Spain and the bourgeoisie.

At 1893 a person throw two bombs from the chicken coop (for the poor people) but only one origin bomb explode and killed 20 people.

Barcelona's nickname was the Fire Rose, because it was an anarchist bomb.

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Link with Catalanism. Cu-Cut was a newspaper from Catalanism. The Spain army was lost all the wars, so Cu-Cut make a joke that makes the army and the king angry. Because of this newspaper, the state created the Foundry Law and said that it is strictly prohibited to criticize or outwit the king or the army.

In 25th of November 1905 the army destroyed the office of Cu-Cut.

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They stared the RIF war in 1907 to 1927. On 1909 the Spanish army needs more soldiers, and the families needs more money, and the only person who works is the man. But since the army cared more about the war, they took the men and sent them to Morocco to fight.

So the families makes a revolution in the port of Barcelona and people were protesting because their fathers or husbands were going to Morocco war.

The government thinks that the leader of the revolution is Francesc Ferrer i Guardià, so they killed him in the Montjuïc castle.

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1914 ⇾ Started the 1st World War.

1917⇾ Russian Revolution: USSR/URSS

Lenin was the leader. The Russian people want to remove the absolute monarchy. Russia was invaded on the first war. After that, Russia became a communist country. When it happens, Russia become URSS. In these changes, Russia was winning and losing territories. The rest of workers in Europe saw this and they want copy.

1918 ⇾ Finished 1st World War. Cause: The economy. Spain doesn't have money to be in the world war, so it was a neutral country. It started in 1914 and finished in 1918.

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This strike means a win for the syndicalism. The workers began to protest because they have so bad conditions and the boss kicked them out. The workers interrupted the light and electricity for a lot of months, all of this happened in Barcelona. Thanks to that, the company and the worker started to negotiate. The timetable was reduced to 8h for many years. They have been talking of the gunmen, the businessmen paid gunmen to kill syndicalist.

The Canadian strike began in 1919, requiring workers to work an eight-hour workday.

Salvador Seguí was the leader, and he was murdered in the middle of Barcelona.

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It is an agreement between the United Kingdom and the former colonies.

There was nothing, no autonomous communities, no parliament, no health care, nothing, there was only the division of provinces, they did not have political parties, but they did have a provincial council (peseta).

Commonwealth ⇾ So that the provinces can collaborate with any other province (Asking permission from the central state).

The four provinces began to collaborate with each other, each with its own budget.

There have been 3 presidents during the Commonwealth:

1914-1917 ⇾ Enric Prat de la Riba

1917-1923 ⇾ Josep Puig i Cadafalch

1923-1925 ⇾ Alfonso Sala ⇾ was directed by Miguel Primo Rivera

Pompeu Fabra ⇾ He was the first to create the first modern Catalan dictionary and spelling mistakes.

Francesc Cambó ⇾ Important politician

Francesc Macià ⇾ He will create a political party called the Catalan State.

During the dictatorship, he will organize an army in France, cross the border and occupy Catalonia with his army and declare Catalonia independent.

He will not succeed because he is arrested in France.

He will gain a certain fame in Catalonia for this gesture.

First president of Catalonia ⇾ Francesc Macià

Second president of Catalonia ⇾ Lluís Companys

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Franco-Spanish Protectorate

This war began in 1921 and finished with the victory of France and Spain in 1925.

Ceuta/Melilla has been a Spanish territory since the 17th century

France and Spain share Morocco. France occupies the Riffian part.

Before, Morocco was a sultanate, meaning that the country was governed by a sultan.

During Franco's regime, Spain and France left Morocco in 1956, and here is when Morocco became a nation except for Spain, which remained in Western Sahara until 1975.

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The Rifians have Berber tribes that fought with the Spanish and were all led by Mohamed ibn Abd-El Krim.

Approximately 10,000 soldiers have died in just two weeks. They have opened an investigation to see if they can try to move forward on who was responsible, it is called the Picasso File.

The army led by Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1923, with the help and agreement of Alfonso XIII, carried out a coup d'état, and that is why the Picasso File is stopped and never comes to light again.

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Lasted from 1923 to 1931.

When Miguel Primo de Rivera began to lead with the complicity of Alfonso XIII, the king of Spain, there were two types of dictatorship:

The Military dictatorship

The Civil dictatorship.

Miguel Primo de Rivera and Alfonso XIII imitate Italy, because in that time Italy was also had a dictatorship led by Benito Mussolini with the help of the king that was Victor Manuel III. In that time, Italy was a monarchy and push the dictatorship. Benito Mussolini was also the creator of the fascism.

Fascism mean establish dictators that usually are military.

First that did Miguel Primo de Rivera was canceled the Constitution, the political parties, the syndicates, and another public art before passed the censure and was approved that can be publicated.

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The 1st Republic was begun in 1873 to 1874.

The 2nd Republic was begun in 1931 to 1939. The 2nd republic is the first democratic system of all the history of Spain.

Goals of the 2nd republic:

Separate the church to the state

Modernizing the Army

Modernize education. For the first time in Spain, there have been educational centers.

Carry out agricultural reforms

For the first time in Spain, there are territorial reforms ⇾ they wanted to create autonomous communities (more inclined to Catalanism and nationalism).

Constitution:

The first constitution in Spain was written in 1931, and the second constitution and actual constitution is in 1978.

The first constitution:

Said that Spain is an integral state (is probably created (autonomous regional governments (E.g., Generalitat de Catalunya))

Universal suffrage ⇾ It refers to man and woman, in 1931 the first time in Spain.

⇾ The first time that women vote in 1933

The constitution said that Spain is non-confessional state, the first time is Spain.

For the first time, there is a significant expansion of individual rights.

Republicanism:

Starts in 25 July 1938 to 16 November 1938.

They want republic and not monarchy.

Thirty thousand casualties in the Battle of Ebro. Franco's troops wanted to conquer Valencia. And the second objective was an international objective, that is, to prolong the war as much as possible to see if they succeed, and it connects with the Second World War. The fifth of the Biberó or the Lleva of the Biberó were the boys of sixteen, seventeen and eighteen years old who were going to fight in the ranks against the front.

Franco ⇾ Germany/Italy/Portugal

Republic ⇾ USSR and the international brigades (Volunteers from all over the world)

The trull is a warehouse, where they kept oil, flour, etc. And thanks to this, many people have been saved.

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The Civil war started in 1936 and finished in 1939.

In 1932, an attempt is made to stage a coup d'état. It begins in Seville, known as Sanjurjada, by General Sanjurjo. It is unsuccessful and he is exiled to Portugal.

When the coup d’état failed, The general Mola from Spain, the general Godel from the Balearic Islands and the general Franco from the Canary Islands started to planning another coup d’état. As his companions died, Franco climbed the position, and he becomes the dictator he moved to the North of Africa, and with the help of Germany he sent troops to Spain. The nationalists tried to invaded Madrid, but they can’t because the Republicans prevented, so they start invaded around the Spain. When they arrived to Catalonia, they think to leave it for last and go to Valencia because it was the military power of the Republicanism. When the Catalan Republicanism knew that, they knew that they have to stop them with a little battle, or this is what they think that was going to happen. This battle lasted its days (25 July 1938-16 November 1938) The Republicanism lost the war, but why? The first thing that the other countries done when they noticed that Spain was in a civil war is to sign the non- intervation law, but Germany and Italy not comply. The Republicanism have the Spain Bank, but the Nationalists have the help of Germany and Italy. In the nationalist, they have a leader, but the Republicans no. Republicans fought with the

nationalist but also with them. The idea of the Ebro Battle was to extend the war until the Second World war to have the help Of France and Great Britain because their soldiers were voluntaries.

Universal suffrage (The church is against it)

Church (State) (The church is against it)

Moderation army (The army is against it)

Public education (The church is against it)

Land reform (The nobility and terratinent are against it)

Territorial (The army is against it)

For the first time, autonomous communities are accepted, both men and women can vote, right to divorce, right to civil marriage.

Mussolini and Hitler ⇾ help Franco in the Civil war.

USSR helps the Republic ⇾ The Republicans had to give the Russians gold in exchange for military aid.

International brigades ⇾ People who voluntarily come from all over the world to help the Republicans.