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The Neolithic Revolution Begins. (10,000 BCE) 

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The Neolithic Revolution Begins. (10,000 BCE) 

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The Neolithic Revolution, often referred to as the Agricultural Revolution, signifies a pivotal shift in human history from small, nomadic groups of hunter-gatherers to more extensive agricultural communities and the emergence of early civilizations. This transformation commenced approximately around 10,000 B.C. in the Fertile Crescent, a crescent-shaped area in the Middle East where the practice of farming first began. Soon thereafter, Stone Age populations in various regions across the globe also adopted agricultural practices. The advancements stemming from the Neolithic Revolution laid the groundwork for the development of civilizations and urban centers.

https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/neolithic-revolution

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Invention of the first wheel (Approx. 3500 BCE)

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Invention of the first wheel (Approx. 3500 BCE)

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The creation of the first wheel around 3500 BCE changed the game for transportation and machinery. It led to the development of vehicles and tools that were essential for early human societies. This innovation made trade, farming, and moving goods much easier, significantly contributing to the growth of civilizations. Even today, the wheel is still a key part of our transportation and machinery technologies.

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Gunpowder is thought to have been developed in China during the 9th century, recognized as one of the "Four Great Inventions" of the nation. Initially intended for medicinal applications, its use transitioned to military purposes around 904 A.D. By the 13th century, gunpowder had disseminated across Eurasia through trade and military conquests. Commonly referred to as 'black powder' or 'smokeless powder,' it is composed of a blend of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate, also known as saltpetre. In this mixture, sulfur and charcoal serve as fuel, with sulfur additionally reducing the energy threshold necessary for the explosive reaction, while potassium nitrate functions as an oxidizer. The composition consists of 75% potassium nitrate by weight, 15% charcoal, and 10% sulfur. Upon ignition, black powder combusts, releasing 3 megajoules of energy per kilogram. As a low explosive, it deflagrates rather than detonates, making it particularly suitable for propulsion applications.

https://www.highburygrove.cola.org.uk/filedownload/0ED55BF6-BEED-13C7-7E498D90322F0F65.pdf/yusuf-epc.pdf#:~:text=Gunpowder%20is%20believed%20to%20have,century%20through%20trade%20and%20invasion.

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By the year 1440, Gutenberg had laid the foundational elements of his printing press, which featured a mobile and reusable type system. Within a decade, he successfully developed a functional prototype of the press. In 1454, Gutenberg began utilizing his press for commercial purposes, generating thousands of indulgences for the Church.

https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/mcdonald/incunabula/gutenberg/#:~:text=By%201440%20Gutenberg%20had%20established,of%20indulgences%20for%20the%20Church.

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Columbus "discovers" the Americas (1492)

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Columbus "discovers" the Americas (1492)

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In 1492, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean islands, marking a pivotal moment in world history by accidentally “discovering” the Americas. Europeans referred to these new continents as the “New World,” unfamiliar to other global regions at that time. This article highlights the European exploration of the Americas during the Age of Discovery.

https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/early-exploration-of-the-Americas/543490#:~:text=In%201492%20the%20Italian%20explorer,accidentally%20%E2%80%9Cdiscovered%E2%80%9D%20the%20Americas.

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Columbus "discovers" the Americans (1492)

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The Protestant Reformation kicked off in 1517 when Martin Luther took a stand against the Catholic Church by nailing his 95 Theses to the door. This bold move ignited a movement that changed the face of Christianity and society as a whole. Thanks to the printing press, religious knowledge became more accessible, which weakened the Church's grip on power and encouraged people to interpret the Bible for themselves. The effects of this movement are still felt today, as it paved the way for religious diversity, boosted education, and inspired various movements advocating for individual rights and reforms.

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The Council of Trent, which took place from 1545 to 1563, was a major milestone in the Catholic Counter-Reformation. It tackled issues of corruption and reinforced essential Catholic beliefs as a reaction to the Protestant Reformation. The changes it brought about breathed new life into the Church, influenced contemporary Catholic traditions, and sparked important cultural and artistic movements, including Baroque art.

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Steam engine invented (1712 CE, with significant advancements in the late 18th century)

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Steam engine invented (1712 CE, with significant advancements in the late 18th century)

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A steam engine is classified as a heat engine that utilizes steam as its working fluid to generate mechanical work. It operates by harnessing the force generated from steam pressure to move a piston in a reciprocating motion within a cylinder. This linear force can be converted into rotational force for performing work through the use of a connecting rod and crank mechanism.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine

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The American Revolutionary War, which took place from April 19, 1775, to September 3, 1783, is commonly referred to as the Revolutionary War or the American War of Independence. This armed conflict was a significant component of the larger American Revolution, during which the Continental Army, led by George Washington, successfully overcame the British Army. The war was waged across North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean. It concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, through which Great Britain formally acknowledged the independence and sovereignty of the United States.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War#:~:text=The%20American%20Revolutionary%20War%20(April,commanded%20by%20George%20Washington%20defeated

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A surge of revolutionary fervor engulfs Paris, inciting concerns over a potential military coup. In response, insurgents assault the Bastille, a prison fortress emblematic of royal power. Consequently, Paris slips from the King's dominion. This date is now commemorated as Bastille Day in France.

https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/french-revolution#:~:text=14%20July%201789%3A%20Storming%20of,as%20Bastille%20Day%20in%20France.

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The enslaved individuals in northern St. Domingue recognized a pivotal opportunity and coordinated a significant uprising that commenced on August 22, 1791. Upon learning of the slave insurrection, American leaders swiftly mobilized to extend their support to the white population of St. Domingue.

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev#:~:text=Sensing%20an%20opportunity%2C%20the%20slaves,Domingue.

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Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793 changed the game for cotton production. It made it super easy to separate cotton fibers from seeds, which led to a huge boost in output. This innovation really kicked off the cotton industry, especially in the Southern U.S., and played a big role in the rise of slavery. Even now, we still feel its effects, as cotton remains a key player in the global textile market and the story of industrialization.

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The Agricultural Revolution Begins (British Agricultural Revolution, 18th century)

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The Agricultural Revolution Begins (British Agricultural Revolution, 18th century)

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The Second Agricultural Revolution, also known as the British Agricultural Revolution, commenced approximately 300 years ago in the 18th century. Significant advancements in agricultural practices encompassed the selective breeding of livestock, the implementation of systematic crop rotation, and the introduction of chemical fertilizers.

https://study.com/learn/lesson/agicultural-revolution.html#:~:text=farmers%20and%20herders.-,The%20Second%20Agricultural%20Revolution%2C%20or%20the%20British%20Agricultural%20Revolution%2C%20began,the%20development%20of%20chemical%20fertilizers.

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Invention of the Machine Gun (The Maxim Gun) (1884 CE)

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Invention of the Machine Gun (The Maxim Gun) (1884 CE)

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The modern machine gun, initially developed by Hiram Maxim in 1884, began to be utilized in the late 19th century during conflicts such as the Boer War and the Spanish-American War. Its deployment extended to various other regions, gaining infamy for its employment by European powers in their colonial endeavors.

https://guides.loc.gov/machine-gun-its-history-development-and-use#:~:text=First%20invented%20in%201884%20by,in%20their%20pursuit%20of%20colonies.

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Invention of the Machine Gun (The Maxim Gun) (1884 CE)

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Industrial Revolution Begins (late 18th century CE)

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Industrial Revolution Begins (late 18th century CE)

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The Industrial Revolution commenced in the 18th century in Britain, marking a significant shift from an agrarian society to an industrialized one. This era was characterized by the emergence of innovative technologies that profoundly altered economies and lifestyles, including the steam engine, the telegraph, and the spinning jenny.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp#:~:text=The%20Industrial%20Revolution%20began%20in,telegraph%2C%20and%20the%20spinning%20jenny.

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Internal Combustion Engine Invented (19th century)

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Internal Combustion Engine Invented (19th century)

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The internal combustion engine evolved through a series of advancements made by numerous inventors from various nations. The Belgian inventor Etienne Lenoir was responsible for the first commercially viable internal combustion engine, which found applications in low-power activities like pumping and printing. Subsequently, in 1862, he developed the inaugural automobile powered by an internal combustion engine. In 1867, the German inventor Nikolaus Otto significantly enhanced Lenoir's design by introducing an engine featuring a four-stroke cycle, which utilized compression to boost the engine's efficiency.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/internal-combustion-engine-inventor-history.html#:~:text=The%20internal%20combustion%20engine%20was%20developed%20and%20improved%20upon%20by,England%20for%20low%2Dpower%20jobs.

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The first airplane was invented (Wright brothers) (1903 CE)

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The first airplane was invented (Wright brothers) (1903 CE)

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The Wright brothers created the first airplane in 1903, kicking off the era of powered flight. This game-changing invention transformed how we travel, speeding up long journeys and linking people across the globe like never before. Its influence is still felt today, as it laid the groundwork for modern aviation, global trade, and international travel.

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Plastic is invented (1907 CE, widespread use in mid-20th century)

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Plastic is invented (1907 CE, widespread use in mid-20th century)

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The 20th century marked a significant transformation in the realm of plastic manufacturing with the introduction of fully synthetic plastics. Belgian chemist and astute marketer Leo Baekeland was the first to develop a completely synthetic plastic in 1907. He secured his patent just one day ahead of his Scottish competitor, James Swinburne. Baekeland's creation, named Bakelite, was produced by combining formaldehyde and phenol under conditions of heat and pressure. This innovation led to a surge in consumer demand for affordable yet highly sought-after products. Bakelite, characterized by its dark brown, wood-like appearance, was easily mass-produced, making it a perfect fit for the dissemination of contemporary design movements such as Art Deco. Several items emerged as iconic representations of the 20th century, including the Purma camera, the GPO telephone, and the Ekco AD36 radio.

https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/chemistry/age-plastic-parkesine-pollution

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The Battle of the Somme begins (1916 CE)

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The Battle of the Somme begins (1916 CE)

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The Battle of the Somme commenced on July 1, 1916, amid World War I, as a collaborative effort by British and French troops targeting the German Empire on the Western Front. This significant conflict continued until November 18, 1916, and is remembered as one of the largest and most lethal battles ever, with casualties exceeding 1 million. The primary goal of the battle was to ease the strain on French forces at Verdun and to penetrate German fortifications.

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The Battle of the Somme begins (1916 CE)

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The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a pivotal event that dismantled the imperial government and established Bolshevik authority. Factors such as escalating governmental corruption, the regressive policies implemented by Tsar Nicholas II, and the devastating losses suffered by Russia during World War I led to significant public discontent and economic difficulties.

https://www.britannica.com/summary/Russian-Revolution#:~:text=Russian%20Revolution%20of%201917%2C%20Revolution,widespread%20dissatisfaction%20and%20economic%20hardship.

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An atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki (1945  CE)

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An atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki (1945  CE)

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The atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, showcased the immense destructive capability of nuclear weapons, which ultimately prompted Japan's surrender and marked the conclusion of World War II. This event significantly altered global politics by triggering the nuclear arms race and introducing the idea of deterrence. It also ignited discussions on ethics and spurred initiatives aimed at preventing future nuclear warfare. Today, it serves as a powerful reminder of the dire repercussions that can arise from nuclear conflict.

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On October 1, 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong formally announced the establishment of the People's Republic of China at Tiananmen Square. In response, Chiang Kai-shek, along with 600,000 Nationalist soldiers and approximately two million refugees who supported the Nationalist cause, withdrew to the island of Taiwan.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution#:~:text=On%20October%201%2C%201949%2C%20Chairman,to%20the%20island%20of%20Taiwan.

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26 July 1953 is commemorated in Cuba as the Day of the Revolution. The 26th of July Movement subsequently evolved into a Marxist–Leninist organization, ultimately transforming into the Communist Party of Cuba in October 1965. The Cuban Revolution had significant and far-reaching effects both domestically and internationally.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution#:~:text=26%20July%201953%20is%20celebrated,profound%20domestic%20and%20international%20repercussions.

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Neil Armstrong Steps onto the Surface of the Moon (1969 CE)

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Neil Armstrong Steps onto the Surface of the Moon (1969 CE)

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The historic moment of Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong's initial step onto the Moon on July 20, 1969, marked a significant milestone in space exploration. The mission, which included the lunar landing and the crew's safe return to Earth, was regarded as a pivotal event, deserving of extensive media attention, global celebration, and thorough social examination. The details surrounding the Moon mission were meticulously documented, particularly within the various agencies of the United States federal government. The exhibit titled "20 July 1969" will illustrate how this extraordinary chapter in American history influenced governmental operations and how the world responded to Armstrong's declaration of a "giant leap for all mankind." Utilizing original documents, photographs, and video footage presented in a setting reminiscent of a NASA "mission control" center, the exhibit aims to recreate this significant day in the nation's narrative.

https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2003/summer/20-july-1969.html#:~:text=Culminating%20with%20Apollo%2011%20astronaut,celebration%2C%20and%20careful%20social%20analysis.

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Neil Armstrong Steps onto the Surface of the Moon (1969 CE)

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Green Revolution Begins (mid-20th century)

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Green Revolution Begins (mid-20th century)

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The Green Revolution took place between 1950 and the late 1960s. It is a period of time that research and technology increased agricultural production to address hunger and food insecurity.

https://agclassroom.org/matrix/lesson/print/826/#:~:text=The%20Green%20Revolution%20took%20place,address%20hunger%20and%20food%20insecurity.

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Green Revolution Begins (mid-20th century)

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Digital Revolution Begins (late 20th century)

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Digital Revolution Begins (late 20th century)

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The Digital Revolution is widely regarded as having commenced in the 1950s with the creation of the transistor. Nevertheless, it experienced substantial acceleration during the 1970s and 1980s, marked by the extensive use of personal computers, the emergence of the internet, and advancements in digital telecommunications.

https://www.devx.com/terms/digital-revolution/#:~:text=The%20Digital%20Revolution%20is%20generally,the%20internet%2C%20and%20digital%20telecommunications.

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The Syrian Civil War begins (1980s Islamist Uprising) (2011 CE)

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The Syrian Civil War begins (1980s Islamist Uprising) (2011 CE)

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In March 2011, the government of Syria, under the leadership of President Bashar al-Assad, encountered an unprecedented challenge to its authority as pro-democracy protests erupted across the nation. Demonstrators called for an end to the authoritarian practices that had characterized the Assad regime since the presidency of Bashar's father, Ḥafiz al-Assad, who took office in 1971. In response, the Syrian government resorted to violent measures to quell the protests, deploying extensive police, military, and paramilitary forces. By 2011, opposition militias began to emerge, and by 2012, the situation had escalated into a full-scale civil war.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Syrian-Civil-War

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The Syrian Civil War begins (1980s Islamist Uprising) (2011 CE)

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Creation of the world wide web  (1989 CE)

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Creation of the world wide web  (1989 CE)

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Tim Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web in 1989, and it completely changed the way we communicate around the globe. Suddenly, information was just a click away, and it transformed how we connect, work, and conduct business. The web is still the backbone of our digital landscape, fueling innovation and economic development, but it also brings challenges like fake news and the gap between those with and without internet access. Today, the web plays a huge role in shaping our lives and driving global advancement.

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Facebook kicked off in 2004 and totally changed the way we communicate around the world. It made it super easy for people to connect, share, and engage with each other online. This platform reshaped how we interact socially, consume news, and market businesses, turning into a go-to spot for personal and professional networking. Even though it still plays a big role in connecting people and boosting the economy, it’s also dealing with issues like privacy worries, fake news, and social divides.

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Cambridge Analytica goes bankrupt (2018 CE)

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Cambridge Analytica goes bankrupt (2018 CE)

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The collapse of Cambridge Analytica was a significant moment in the way we view data privacy and the ethical use of technology. It ignited worldwide discussions and led to new regulations concerning data protection, but persistent issues remind us that we must remain alert in this digital age.