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The Health Belief Model is focused  on the individual.

“Key elements of the Health Belief Model focus on individual beliefs about health conditions, which predict individual health-related behaviors. The model defines the key factors that influence health behaviors as an individual's perceived threat to sickness or disease (perceived susceptibility), belief of consequence (perceived severity), potential positive benefits of action (perceived benefits), perceived barriers to action, exposure to factors that prompt action (cues to action), and confidence in ability to succeed (self-efficacy).”

The Health Belief Model. 2023.
https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/health-promotion/2/theories-and-models/health-belief

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Assumptions:
When the model was originally proposed it was designed to predict actions by acutely or chronically ill clients. (Raingruber, 2017 ,pg. 52-53)

The model is now used to:
1. Predict general health behaviors and positive health behaviors (Raingruber, 2017 ,pg. 52-53)
2. In the HBM, a health-related action is seen as more likely when the action is viewed as being both cost effective and effective in terms of outcomes (Raingruber, 2017 ,pg. 52-53)

Works Cited:
Raingruber, Bonnie. (2017). Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. Jones & Barlett Learning.

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How it can be used to promote health (examples and strategies)

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How it can be used to promote health (examples and strategies)

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The HBM can be used to promote health by providing truths to correct common misconceptions patients have about health behaviors. Some examples of this include:
- Posters with simplified information about common illnesses and how to prevent or treat them
-Pamphlets patients can take home that give in-depth but simplified information they can read over and discuss with loved ones
- Identify common barriers to health behaviors to possibly anticipate the patient's needs and provide resolutions that can help them overcome those barriers
works cited
Sandesh Adhikari. (2019, November 22). Health Belief Model- An Interesting Model for Behavior Change ! Public Health Notes. https://www.publichealthnotes.com/health-belief-model-an-interesting-model-for-behavior-change/

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How the Health Belief Model Can Be Used in Nursing Practice

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How the Health Belief Model Can Be Used in Nursing Practice

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1. Nurses can communicate with patients to help them see why diagnostic testing is a medical advantage.
2. Offering emotional support while discussing diagnosis will provide understanding and open opportunities to explore medical intervention with peace of mind.
3. Providing transparent information about health service costs will help patients make informed decisions.
4. Nurses can provide in person communication education and other education resources to promote quality of life and optimal health.

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How this theory can be used in nursing practice

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How this theory can be used in nursing practice

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Nurses can use the Health Belief Model to anticipate how patients may respond to their suggestions of health behaviors. If nurses understand why a patient is apprehensive to perform a health behavior they will be able to provide the proper education to reassure them of the significance of the health behavior so they can make an informed decision.

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Constructs used when the model was initiated were inspired by a study of the reasons why people expressed their want to seek, or declining X-ray examinations for tuberculosis:

1. Perceived susceptibility (a person's subjective assessment of their risk of getting the condition, as contrasted with the statistical risk)

2. Perceived severity (the seriousness of the condition and its consequences)

3. Perceived barriers (both those that interfere with and facilitate adoption of a behavior such as side effects, time, and inconvenience)

4.Perceived costs of adhering to the proposed intervention.

Factors related to motivation were subsumed under susceptibility and fear of the disease.                        (Raingruber, 2017 ,pg. 52-53)

New Additions:

1. People's responses to symptoms and illness
2. Compliance with medical directives
3. Illness behaviors, preventative health, health screening
4. Demographic variables (age, gender, ethnicity, occupation)
5. Sociophysiological variables (socioeconomic status, personality, coping strategies), perceived self-efficacy (ability to adopt the desired behavior)
6. Cues to action (factors that instigate preventive health such as information sought/provided, persuasive communication, and personal experience)
7. Health motivation, perceived control, and perceived threat.
(Raingruber, 2017, pg. 52-53)

Works Cited:
Raingruber, Bonnie. (2017). Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. Jones & Barlett Learning.

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1. Overlooks person habit and the role lifestyle plays in decision making.

2. Only focuses on health reasons for decisions made without considering social factors.

3. It does not fully consider economic barriers as it relates to non-medical service expenses.

Boskey. 2022
https://www.verywellmind.com/health-belief-model-3132721