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DIVERGENCE involves accentuating differences between the speaker and their addressee(s). It is assumed that divergence is triggered by conscious desires to emphasize difference and increase social distance.

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CONVERGENCE involves a speaker altering the way they talk so that it approaches the norms of their interlocutor and accentuates commonality between the interlocutors.

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The process by which speakers attune or adapt their linguistic behaviour in light of their interlocutors' behaviour and their attitudes towards their interlocutors (may be a conscious or unconscious process). This theory encompasses both CONVERGENCE with/or DIVERGENCE from interlocutors' norms.

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Social Identity Theory is a social psychological theory holding that people identify with multiple identities, some of which are more personal and idiosyncratic and some of which are group identifications. Experimental work in this framework suggests that people readily see contrasts between groups in terms of competition, and seek to find means of favouring the co-members of the group they identify with over others.

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Attitudes to Language: Identities and Accommodation 

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Attitudes to Language: Identities and Accommodation 

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The study of people's subjectively held beliefs about different dialects or linguistic varieties. The focus on lay perceptions about language complements the regional dialectologists' more objective focus on the way people are recorded as speaking.

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The process of RECLAIMING what was previously a negative term and redefining it in a positive ways was a strategy for dealing with perceived inequalities.

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LINGUISTICS RELATIVISM holds a weaker position than DERTERMINISM. The deterministic view of relationship between language and thought contends that the shape of the language determines how its speaker perceive and experience the world.

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The term LINGUISTIC RELATIVISM can be used to refer to the hypothesis that the way we talk about others, and the words we use, does more than simply denote entities or events in the word. Linguistic relativism instead proposes that the way we perceive the world plays a part in how language is structured.

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When a word's meaning shifts and acquires more negative connotations, it can be referred to as SEMANTIC DEROGATION.

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Over time, speakers may begin to use words in slightly different ways, and as these monor changes accumulate, a word can end up meaning something very different from what it started out meaning. This process can be called SEMANTIC SHIFT (or drift)