# data[].attributes.body
Just all of the agencies, departments, and bureaus of the Executive Branch. They're responsible for implementing and enforcing laws and around 4 million people work in the Bureaucracy.

# data[].attributes.body
An essay written by Alexander Hamilton that argued for a stronger safer government that included accountability but also energy and power. This mainly focused on the executive branch which Hamilton argued needed to be unified in order for the government to thrive.

# data[].attributes.body
A congregated list of restrictions and allowances considering the president's stay in office.

- When a vacancy opens in the Vice President's office, President may appoint a new one with consent from both houses
- President may temporarily give up their position by writing a letter to the Speaker of the House & President Pro Tempore but they also must write a new letter to resume their term
- Vice President and the majority of the cabinet can write a letter to remove the President, or 2/3 of Congress can declare the President unfit to serve

# data[].attributes.body
A restriction on presidential terms as no president can serve more than 2 terms or 10 years total in office.

# data[].attributes.body
In the late 1950s, Tennessee was still using boundaries between electoral districts. Now this would have been fine, but the states population had fluctuated a lot in between 1901 and 1950 and now more people lived in Memphis. An eligible voter who lived in an urban area of Shelby County, Charles Baker, felt that his vote no longer mattered and that his equal protection rights were being violated. He argued that his vote was not the same as voters in different areas, however his claim was dismissed. Baker then appealed to the Supreme Court who agreed to hear the case, and later ruled 6-2 in favor of Baker.

# data[].attributes.body
After North Carolina's legislator redrew District lines for District 12 to connect geographically separate areas densely populated by minority voters into a single district, five white voters filed a lawsuit against the state and the federal offices of U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina. They claimed that District 12 was gerrymandered and violated the 14th Amendment due to Equal Protection Clause as the redrawing of the district was made for racial discrimination. The case however was dismissed but was later picked up by the Supreme Court by an appeal where Shaw won in a 5-4 decision.

# data[].attributes.body
As president, though it is not listed in the constitution, they are still believed to be partially responsible for upholding and keeping the economy in check. This is not true, however, but they do work with Congress to write the federal budget. Along with appointing members of the Federal Reserve Board.

# data[].attributes.body
Personal apologies from the president about imprisonment. Basically with a pardon, any criminal in jail could be released no matter the magnitude of their crimes.

# data[].attributes.body
Congress and the President often go hand in hand with making laws, and though each have equal amounts of power the president's power is much more intimidating. The president could recommend laws to Congress, but also pressure lawmakers to vote for or against bills, and even threaten to veto a bill if they don't find it pleasing.

# data[].attributes.body
For this job, the president commands and assigns generals to armies in the military. They do have the option to order soldiers into battle or withdraw them, but they cannot start wars without permission from the legislative branch.

# data[].attributes.body
Almost kind of like being Head of the State but in a more formal manner. They direct foreign policy of the U.S and appoint ambassadors, ministers, and consuls. They also sign treaties with foreign nations with consent from the senate, and they also meet with foreign leaders. This job keeps up their relationships with other nations along with regulating them.

# data[].attributes.body
The president becomes the symbol or representative of the country and because of it are responsible for greeting foreign figures. They also do small things like promoting national spirit by kicking off the baseball season with the first pitch. (Sounds fun)

# data[].attributes.body
This power makes the president responsible for carrying out laws, appointing cabinet members and Supreme Court judges with approval from the Senate, the Administrator of 15 Cabinet departments and all federal agencies, and granting pardons.

# data[].attributes.body
Powers not listed in the constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
Powers listed in the constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
Named after Elbridge Gerry, who signed a bill that created a partisan district in the Boston area that was compared to the shape of a mythological salamander. (Unnecessary Note: ??? Why would he do that)

# data[].attributes.body
Unit 1 = Red
Unit 2 = Blue
Unit 3 = Purple

# data[].attributes.body
A political scheme where a senator speaks for hours upon hours to prevent a bill from being passed. Since it's kind of a "wait your turn" type event during a typical session, this can often "talk a bill to death."

# data[].attributes.body
The process of a bill going through Congress is so long and complicated that often many bills never become law due to some of them "dying" within the process.

# data[].attributes.body
Committees specifically used for working out differences between bills with the Senate and House of Representatives.

# data[].attributes.body
Permanent committees that are used in every congress session

# data[].attributes.body
Congressmen that only use their own judgement to come to a decision regardless of the peoples' choice.

# data[].attributes.body
Congressmen that blend the roles of delegate and trustee, using both their own judgement and the people's to come to a decision.

# data[].attributes.body
Congressmen that put their faith entirely in the voter's decisions.

# data[].attributes.body
Composed of 2 senators for each of the 50 states.

# data[].attributes.body
Made up of 435 elected representatives from each of the 50 states and can only serve 2 years per term.

# data[].attributes.body
Refers to conditions and forces that exist as a reality in society that may contradict legal principles. Quite like modern day racism. Even though there aren't any laws that go against black people, there are still occasional practices in workplaces or school systems that could classify as discrimination.

# data[].attributes.body
Refers to conditions that are legally codified and enforced within a society. Much like the act of segregation between black and white people after the civil war.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1961, Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested after a burglary in Florida. As he was not very fortunate money-wise, he could not afford a lawyer and inevitably lost his case. Whilst in prison he studied law and eventually filed a habeas corpus petition to the Florida Supreme Court, stating that he was improperly imprisoned on the grounds of his Sixth Amendment rights being violated. Though the court still ruled against him so he sent his case to the Supreme Court. In turn, they ruled in favor of Gideon in a 7-0 vote.

# data[].attributes.body
Though at this point the second amendment was already in place, in 1982, Chicago implemented a handgun ban that required any individual in possession of a handgun to register it, a long process that effectively prevented most citizens from owning guns. In 2008, the Supreme Court shot down a handgun ban in D.C., to which afterward Otis McDonald sued Chicago for violation of the 14th amendment. After the federal district ruled for Chicago, McDonald offered the case to the Supreme Court which they accepted. It was a close 5-4 ruling but McDonald ended up winning.l

# data[].attributes.body
A process used by the government to ensure that U.S citizens do not have their rights or liberties violated by laws.

# data[].attributes.body
The natural birthright of every us citizen to be treated equally and all have the same rights.

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the U.S. and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of the law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection on the laws.

# data[].attributes.body
More liberties/rights for the accused during a trial.

- Right to a speedy trial
- Right to a trial by an impartial jury
- Right to be informed of what they were charged with

# data[].attributes.body
An assortment of liberties for the accused during trials.

Self Incrimination - The accused is not required to give a testimony that convicts themself as guilty.
Double Jeopardy Clause - The accused cannot be convicted of the same crime twice following the end of their trial, following either conviction or acquittal.
Trial By Grand Jury - Self Explanatory. It gives the right for the accused to have a trial by a grand jury.
Compensation - With unlawful searching, compensation will be given whether or not the person was convicted of the crime.
Due Process - Prevention of the government seizing liberty or property of the accused without due process of the law.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

# data[].attributes.body
The liberty of protection from excessive, cruel, or unusual punishment.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted.

# data[].attributes.body
The right to refuse a government agent (like a police officer) to not search your property or yourself without a warrant.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

# data[].attributes.body
The right to bear arms (guns)

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

# data[].attributes.body
During the Vietnam War, Daniel Ellsberg, a former military analyst, felt so strongly that the U.S. should not be in Vietnam that in 1971, he illegally copied over 7,000 pages of classified reports kept at the RAND Corporation, a research institution where he worked. These documents contained details about the decision-making plans behind the U.S.’s intervention in the Vietnam war. Neil Sheehan wanted to publish the papers, however he did not want to get into legal trouble with the Espionage Act. Though the New York Times and The Washington Post started printing copies before both were stopped by a federal judge. Both newspapers however argued that this was a violation of the First Amendment. Two different courts held the cases and both newspapers won. The government appealed, but the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ruled for the Washington Post, while the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled for the government (against the New York Times). After the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case, the justices ruled 6-3 for the newspapers.

# data[].attributes.body
Back in 1917, Charles T. Schenck printed and mailed 15,000 fliers to draft-age men arguing that conscription (the draft of the Espionage Act) was unconstitutional and urging them to resist. He was later convicted for defying the act and he then requested for the Supreme Court to review his case. Later in 1919, they agreed and eventually ruled in favor of the United States as Schenck was inciting riots with his fliers.

# data[].attributes.body
Since the Amish and Mennonite are very disconnected from society due to their heavy Christian/Catholic beliefs, they typically do not send their children to school and opt instead for homeschooling or no school at all. Though after the US raised the age for children to go to school, it created an issue for both the Amish and Mennonite communities.
Frieda Yoder and two other students had stopped attending school at the end of eighth grade. Though their parents were fined in court (for five dollars) for their children no longer attending school. After it however, Mr Yoder brought it up with the Supreme Court, to which they reversed the fine for the trial. Later, the Court unanimously ruled in favor of Yoder.

# data[].attributes.body
During the Vietnam War, five students ranging from ages 13-16 wore 2-inch thick black armbands to school for 2 weeks to oppose the war. After the students refused to take off the bands, there was a threat for suspension to any student who did the same.
In different schools, Mary Beth Tinker, her brother, John Tinker, and Christopher Eckardt decided to do the same. Their schools sent the teenagers home and were indefinitely suspended until they stopped wearing the bands. Their parents filed suit against the school district for violating the student’s First Amendment right to free speech. The case was dismissed before being brought up to the Supreme Court, where they ruled in favor of the Tinkers.

# data[].attributes.body
The freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petitioning.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1962, New York classrooms would have their students salute the US flag to which they would recite a prayer afterwards led by a teacher or student. Two Jewish families, a member of the American Ethical Union, a Unitarian, and a non-religious person sued the local school board, which required public schools in the district to have the prayer recited. This was because they had claimed that this prayer violated the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment. Eventually the group sent their case to the Supreme Court after the New York courts upheld the prayer, where it was ruled unconstitutional and Engel won.

# data[].attributes.body
The protection of citizens of unwarranted actions made by the government.

# data[].attributes.body
Basically equal rights for every citizen of the united states regardless of gender, race, or sexuality.

# data[].attributes.body
The first 10 amendments of the US, all of which discuss freedoms for the people like Civil Rights and Liberties.

# data[].attributes.body
Composed of nine Justices including one Chief Justice. They decide certain federal cases if they are deemed important enough.

# data[].attributes.body
The presidential advisory which is composed of the vice president, heads of executive departments, and esteemed government individuals. Typically members are nominated and accepted by the Senate.

# data[].attributes.body
The support or "backup" of the president. Incase a president is incapacitated or unable to serve in any way (mostly from old age or death) the vice president will take over as president. Unlike the president, they can serve as many terms as they want under different presidents.

# data[].attributes.body
The leader of the country that typically serves a four-year term and can only be elected twice. They have to be at least 35 years old and they can either be a native US citizen or they can have citizenship of at least 15 years. They are head of state, leader of the federal government, and Commander in Chief of the United States armed forces during their term.

# data[].attributes.body
Composed of the Supreme Court (SCOTUS) and federal courts. It's job is to interpret the meaning of laws given by the Legislative branch, to tell if they are constitutional, and to apply said laws to cases.

# data[].attributes.body
Composed of the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet, and their committees and agencies. It's responsible for carrying out and enforcing laws from the judicial branch.

# data[].attributes.body
Composed of The House of Representatives and the Senate (Together both make up Congress). It's main job is to both draft new laws and accepting or rejecting presidential nominations for agencies. They can also declare war.

# data[].attributes.body
Giving most (or all) of the power for decision making to the people.

# data[].attributes.body
The Congress shall have Power... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

# data[].attributes.body
Citizenship in a republic state

# data[].attributes.body
An agreement between members of a society to all cooperate for both a greater society and benefits like protection.

# data[].attributes.body
Rights that citizens are naturally born with. (Human Rights)

# data[].attributes.body
A government with limited power.

# data[].attributes.body
This money is supposed to be ran through a math problem to determine the best use for it.

# data[].attributes.body
Mostly for competitive things and are used as awards/prize money.

# data[].attributes.body
Opposite of block grants. Are supposed to be used for specific purposes by the states.

# data[].attributes.body
Grants for mostly general use by the states.

# data[].attributes.body
Money given by the national government to states.

# data[].attributes.body
Any power granted by the 10th Amendment.

10th Amendment: Powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution are reserved to the state respectfully, or to the people.

# data[].attributes.body
Any power that are exclusive to the national government (See National Government Section)

# data[].attributes.body
Powers that were granted by supremacy + N&P clauses

# data[].attributes.body
Powers that weren't explicitly stated in the constitution but are suggested

# data[].attributes.body
Powers that were explicitly stated in the Constitution

# data[].attributes.body
Also known as "Marble Cake" Federalism, it has the powers of the national, state, and local government mixed together.

# data[].attributes.body
Also known as layer cake federalism, is where power is strictly divided between states, national, and local government.

# data[].attributes.body
A placeholder for the government after the events of the revolution. But it didn't do much else and was very messy.

# data[].attributes.body
A document that deconcentrated the power of the government by splitting it into branches. The powers of all of the branches were then balanced so none of them could overthrow the other, but could keep each other in check.

# data[].attributes.body
A book written by James Madison who agreed with the superiority of a large government that distributes powers between both the state and government.

# data[].attributes.body
Anti-federalists who are for a weaker government with smaller liberties for the people.

# data[].attributes.body
A supreme law in the US that consists of several sections and articles, along with amendments that create liberties for all citizens of US.

# data[].attributes.body
The unanimous decision from the 13 states to form a unity and separate themselves from Great Britain entirely.