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Differences between Avian Influenza Virus & Newcastle Disease Virus

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Differences between Avian Influenza Virus & Newcastle Disease Virus

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Differences Between Canine Distemper Virus & Canine Parvovirus

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Differences Between Canine Distemper Virus & Canine Parvovirus

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This disease is highly infectious among canine

Canine distemper virus is a paramyxovirus

Transmission: aerosol droplet secretions from infected animals

Virus replicates in the lymphatic tissue of the respiratory tract

Systemic clinical signs - fever, lethargy, loss of appetite

Respiratory signs - nasal discharge, pneumonia

GI signs - diarrhea

Neurologic complications - muscle spasm, seizures

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Differences between Canine Distemper Virus and Canine Parvovirus

Types of vaccines that are available to prevent this viral infection

Vaccination program for this disease

Immune responses towards vaccines and disease

Methods to detect or identify the virus and diagnosis of the disease

Pathogen-related factors that are important to be detected/diagnosed

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One of ruminants strongyle (Strongylida)

A.k.a ‘Barber’s pole’

Female is prolific/ fecund

Short larval development (egg to L3)

L3 survives for 6-7 weeks

PGE

PGE is a disease complex associated with a number of nematode species (mostly strongyles) either singly or in combination

PGE is characterized mainly by diarrhea & weight loss (clinical disease) or less than optimum production (subclinical disease)

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Type of vaccine used

How does the vaccine works

Different diagnosis methods

Primary immune system that plays a major role in clearing out this infection

How immune system mechanism works against parasitic infection

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Deadly virus that affects chicken

Caused by a parasite that infects different parts of the intestine, which is the Eimeria tenella.

Affects chicken’s production rate and growth

Infected usually because of ingestion of oocysts

Poor management of the poultry farm induces this disease

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Transmission method

Clinical signs of the infected chickens

Immune response against the infection

Diagnostic tests that can be carried out

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Anti-coccidial drugs that are available are coccidiostats (inhibit the growth - monensin, buquinolate) and coccidiocides (kill coccidia oocyst during development- sulphonamides). Oocyte-based, sporulated vaccines are also given, either attenuated or non-attenuated.

Immune responses against this parasites involve TH1 (macrophage, CtL, NK cell) and TH2 (eosinophil, mast cell, basophil, B cell and antibodies)

Diagnostic tests that can be carried out fecal examination and postmortem examination

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Negative ssRNA virus

Zoonotic

Clinical signs depend on whether it is LPAI or HPAI

LPAI shows symptom such as respiratory distress (sneezing, coughing, ocular nasal discharge), swollen infraorbital sinuses and reduced egg production meanwhile HPAI induce c/s like oedema, petechial hemorrhage on visceral organ and muscle, red leg discoloration, greenish diarrhea and subsequently, death

Share the same diagnosis method with NDV

It induces humoral immune response

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The transmission method

The vaccines available

The diagnosis method

How does the vaccine work for the virus

Differences between avian influenza and Newcastle disease

Differences between monoclonal and polyclonal antibody

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Types of vaccine available are inactivated vaccine (homologous H5N1  & heterologous H5N2) and recombinant vaccine (Recombinant H5N1 vaccine and Fowlpox Recombinant AI vaccine)

These vaccines induce humoral immunity against specific protein - Haemagglutinin (main protective immunity) and Neuraminidase (partially protective immunity)

Other diagnostic assays that can be conducted are rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) Test, RTPCR (must use specific primer).

Matrix gene assay can detect all type A AI only, won't specifically detect the subtypes of haemagglutinin proteins, unless specific primer is used.

Monoclonal antibody is the antibody that is directed against the single epitope only, opposite of polyclonal antibody which is directed against multiple epitopes.

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NDV is a negative ssRNA type of virus, thus, RT-PCR is used, aside from virus isolation, HA and HI test, ELISA for diagnostic methods

NDV belongs to the same family as canine distemper virus, which is paramyxoviridae.

NDV infected poultry shows clinical signs such as diarrhea, tremors, paralysis of leg, coughing and sneezing

Administration of vaccine induces both CMI (kill infected cell) and humoral responses (neutralize virus)

NDV contains hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (H protein) which play important role in virus attachment, alongside the fusion protein (F protein)

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Unvaccinated dogs and puppies younger than four months old are the most at risk

Affects dogs' gastrointestinal tracts

Spread by direct contact with other dogs

Contact with contaminated feces (stool), environments, or people

Clinical signs are lethargy, loss of appetite, abdominal pain , fever or (hypothermia) vomiting

Parvovirus is highly contagious

Deaths from parvovirus occur within 48 to 72 hours following onset of infection

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The vaccines available are live non-attenuated vaccines and live attenuated vaccine

Live non-attenuated vaccine contains original pathogenicity of occyst - Immucox

Live attenuated vaccine contain low virulent occyst - Paracox

Immune responses involve gastric hypersecretion & goblet cell hyperplasia, complement pathway activation, mast cell degranulation and parasite interaction with macrophage, NK cell and basophil

Protective immunity involves vaccination (antibody production) and anthelmintics (kill larva or adults - Benzimidazoles & Avermectins)

Detection and diagnosis tests can be carried out are fecal culture, McMaster, Fluorescein-labeled peanut agglutinin test (FLPA Test)

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Differences between NDV and Avian Influenza virus

Types of vaccines that are available to prevent this viral infection

Ways to classify the vaccine strain

Vaccination program for this disease

Immune responses towards vaccines and disease

Methods to detect or identify the virus and diagnosis of the disease

Pathogen-related factors that are important to be detected/diagnosed

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Differences between Canine Distemper Virus and Canine Parvovirus

Types of vaccines that are available to prevent this viral infection

Vaccination program for this disease

Immune responses towards vaccines and disease

Methods to detect or identify the virus and diagnosis of the disease

Pathogen-related factors that are important to be detected/diagnosed

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Identification of the Virus

Envelope of the canine distemper virus involves 2 integral membrane proteins, the fusion (F) and the haemagglutinin (H) proteins.

Types of vaccine available

Modified live virus vaccine (induces immune response similar to natural infection - Nobivac)

Recombinant vaccine (express surface protein of CDV - Recombitek)

Vaccination programme

Not recommended to provide vaccination to young puppies below six weeks of age due to high maternal antibody which can interfere with the vaccine, hence neutralization occur and no antibody response. After 6 weeks, 4 doses are given up until 16 weeks. Since the disease is endemic, it is recommended to do annual booster.

First dose: 6-8 weeks

Second dose: 10-12 weeks

Third dose: 16-18 weeks

Booster given annually after third dose

Immune response

Vaccine induces both activation of CD4 and CD8 T cell which leads to production of memory B cells and memory CD8 T cells

Primary infection requires the isotype switch of IgM to IgG to produce memory B cell, secondary infection straight away induces IgG production due to stimulation of antigen to the memory B cell

Diagnostic assays

Necropsy and histology - spleen, lymph nodes, tonsil

ELISA - detect antibody within CSF and serum; red-top tube

Fluoresceneincity hybridization (FISH) - biopsies from the footpad / haired skin of the dorsal neck

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Types of vaccines available are live vaccine and inactivated vaccine

Ways to classify the vaccine strain: lentogenic vs mesogenic. Lentogenic=low virulence and low mortality, mesogenic=moderate virulence but high mortality (>50%). When use vaccine, lentogenic strained is used.

Live vaccine induces mucosal immunity, CMI and humoral immunity

Inactivated vaccine induces lower immune response

Live vaccines are more preferred due to CMI responses to kill viruses

CMI response is based on the vaccine type and strain virulence.

CMI response based on vaccine type - live vaccine induces MHC I and MHC II ; inactivated vaccine induces MHC II

CMI response based on virulent strain - avirulent induces weaker CMI ; virulent strain induces stronger and longer CMI

Diagnostic assays for detection are immune colloidal gold technique test and ELISA

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Types of vaccine available

Modified live virus vaccine (induces immune response similar to natural infection - Nobivac)

Killed vaccine (requires longer time to induce immunity - Vanguard Plus)

Recombinant vaccine (express surface protein of CDV - Recombitek)

Vaccination programme

Not recommended to provide vaccination to young puppies below six weeks of age due to high maternal antibody which can interfere with the vaccine, hence neutralization occur and no antibody response. After 6 weeks, 4 doses are given up until 16 weeks. Since the disease is endemic, it is recommended to do annual booster.

First dose: 6-8 weeks

Second dose: 10-12 weeks

Third dose: 16-18 weeks

Booster given annually after third dose

Immune response

Vaccine induces both activation of CD4 and CD8 T cell which leads to production of memory B cells and memory CD8 T cells

Primary infection requires the isotype switch of IgM to IgG to produce memory B cell, secondary infection straight away induces IgG production due to stimulation of antigen to the memory B cell

Diagnostic assays

Detection is either based on antigen or based on real-time. Most of the detection based on real-time is more sensitive, which can detect the virus more better than antigen-based detection. On the other hand, antigen-based detection can detect actual clinical cases of animals that are already sick.

Conventional PCR - amplify gene fragment that encodes for structural protein

CBC - WBC measurement

Hemagglutination test - some lack hemagglutination activity