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Oxidation pond treats sewage from industries, residential area and more by microbial interaction. Microorganisms such as bacteria, algae and light energy are used to stabilise the wastewater.

Algae-bacterial association and fungal growth can purify the raw sewage. Bacteria in pond oxidise organic waste of sewage, releasing carbon dioxide, water and ammonia. Algae grow by utilizing inorganic waste and release oxygen.

Oxidation pond reduces biological oxygen demand up to 90%. It is economical and effective method for water treatment. However, it gives foul smell and mosquito menace during wastewater decomposition. Sodium nitrate can be added to avoid the foul smell.  It can also lead to ground water pollution as effluent seepage may get into ground water.

-Wong Xin Ai-
161197

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A trickling bioreactor filter is a type of  wastewater treatment system. It consists of a fixed bed of rocks, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media. Aerobic conditions are maintained by splashing, diffusion, and either by forced-air flowing through the bed or natural convection of air if the filter medium is porous. The treatment of sewage or other wastewater with trickling filters is among the oldest and most well characterized treatment technologies.

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A trickling bioreactor filter is a type of  wastewater treatment system. It consists of a fixed bed of rocks, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media. Aerobic conditions are maintained by splashing, diffusion, and either by forced-air flowing through the bed or natural convection of air if the filter medium is porous. The treatment of sewage or other wastewater with trickling filters is among the oldest and most well characterized treatment technologies.

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Huthiaraj Mohan

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A trickling filter is a type of wastewater treatment system. It consists of a fixed bed of rocks, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media. Aerobic conditions are maintained by splashing, diffusion, and either by forced-air flowing through the bed or natural convection of air if the filter medium is porous. The treatment of sewage or other wastewater with trickling filters is among the oldest and most well characterized treatment technologies.

Lee Hooi May

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A trickle-bed reactor (TBR) is a chemical reactor that uses the downward movement of a liquid and the downward or upward  movement of gas over a packed bed of particles. It is considered to be the simplest reactor type for performing catalytic reactions where a gas and liquid are present in the reactor and accordingly it is extensively used in processing plants. Typical examples are liquid-phase hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrodenitrogenation in refineries (three phase hydrotreater) and oxidation of harmful chemical compounds in wastewater streams or of cumene in the cumene process.Also in the treatment of waste water trickle bed reactors are used where the required biomass resides on the packed bed surface.

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A trickle-bed reactor (TBR) is a chemical reactor that uses the downward movement of a liquid and the downward or upward  movement of gas over a packed bed of particles. It is considered to be the simplest reactor type for performing catalytic reactions where a gas and liquid are present in the reactor and accordingly it is extensively used in processing plants. Typical examples are liquid-phase hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrodenitrogenation in refineries (three phase hydrotreater) and oxidation of harmful chemical compounds in wastewater streams or of cumene in the cumene process.Also in the treatment of waste water trickle bed reactors are used where the required biomass resides on the packed bed surface.

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LEE KE LIN

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In determining design-loading rates on RBCs, the following parameters should be utilized:

• Design flow rates and primary wastewater constituents

• Total influent BOD5 concentration

• Soluble influent BOD5 concentration

• Percentage of total and soluble BOD5 to be removed

• Wastewater temperature

• Primary effluent dissolved oxygen

• Media arrangement, number of stages, and surface area of media in each stage

• Rotational velocity of the media

• Retention time within the RBC tank(s)

• Influent soluble BOD5 to the RBC system, including soluble BOD5 from in-plant side-streams, septage dumps, etc.

• Influent hydrogen sulfide concentrations

• Peak loading, BOD5 max/BOD5 avg

In addition to the above parameters, loading rates for nitrification will depend upon influent DO concentration, influent ammonia nitrogen concentration and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), diurnal load variations, pH and alkalinity, and the allowable effluent ammonia nitrogen concentration.

Muhammad Khairul Fauzi Bin Mohd Anuar
161364

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Rotating Biological Contactors | Explained Concepts of Wastewater Engineering

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The disks slowly rotate with approximately 40% of surface area submerged in the wastewater. By absorbing oxygen from the air and pollutants from the wastewater, the pollutants are decomposed aerobically.The discs are covered with a thick coating of slime of microorganisms, which treat the waste water. RBC's act much like a trickling filter in that the contactors perform well at removing BOD and converting ammonia NH₄) to nitrates (NO₃). The BOD removal efficiency of an RBC is about 85%.

nur syafiqah bt syed hussein 161766

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The activated sludge is an integral process used to treat wastewater . This process utilizes a multi-chamber reactor unit that uses microorganisms as a method to remove nutrients from the water. Oxygen is used to establish and regulate aerobic conditions and to suspend the sludge. The process oxidizes organic matters in the wastewater, producing new cells, carbon dioxide, and water.

Aleeya Annisa

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Activated Sludge System is a sewage treatment process in which air or oxygen is blown into raw, unsettled sewage to smash the solids and develop a biological 'soup' which digests the organic content and pollutants in the sewage. These plants do not have a primary settlement chamber which is the chamber that needs emptying by tanker on a regular basis with most three stage sewage treatment plants.
In all activated sludge plants, once the sewage has been 'bubbled' long enough, excess sewage liquor is discharged into a clarification chamber where live bacteria settle to the bottom, dead bacteria rise to the top and form a crust with a clear liquid in the middle. This clean water is then discharged into either a watercouse or a soakaway. The live bacteria, called activated bacterial sludge, are returned to the digestion chamber to re-seed the new raw sewage entering the tank and the dead bacterial crust is removed either by the the homeowner or a service engineer on a regular basis.

Agil

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Activated sludge process is a process for treating sewage and waste water commonly referred as effluent using bacteria (to degrade the biodegradable organics) and air (Oxygen for respiration).
Activated sludge refers to a mixture of microorganisms and suspended solids. The bacterial culture is cultivated in the treatment process to break down organic matter into carbon dioxide, water, and other inorganic compounds.

Kauthsar

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The activated sludge process in wastewater treatment included injecting oxygen into raw and unsettled sewage. The solids are smashed during the process whereas the sewage is bubbled and the sewage liquor is discharged into a chamber with activated sludge. The dead bacteria float to the surface of the tank while the live bacteria sink to the tank bottom. The live bacteria return to the digestion chamber and the clean water is discharged into the watercourse.

Chin Pei Yi

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- the construction of a stabilization pond requires more land area.
- maintenance and operation cost are high.
- it could gives a bad smell to the surrounding environment.
- could be a place for mosquito breeding.
- less efficient in cold climates
- not very effective at removing heavy metals from waste water.
- may get a chance of effluent seepage into the ground water, which can cause ground water pollution.
- effluent from some types of lagoons contains algae and often requires additional treatment or polishing to meet discharge standards.

*Thanies

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The activated sludge system process relies on aerobic biological action. Where the microorganisms, searching for food, break down the complex organic substances into simple stable substances. This process will results in the removal of soluble and suspended organic matter from wastewater.

Daniel Iman

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Activated sludge system consists of aeration tank, settling tank and sludge return system. The activated sludge contains large number of microorganisms and serves as inoculum of microorganisms. The growth of organisms including bacteria in aeration tanks with dissolved oxygen produces activated sludge, which is made up of sludge particles teeming with living organisms and created in either raw or settled wastewater. In secondary treatment, the activated sludge process is one of several biological wastewater treatment options.

Ang Chun Quan

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Activated sludge process uses oxygen or air and microorganisms to biologically oxidise the organic pollutants. Flocs of bacteria are suspended and mixed with wastewater in an aeration tank where oxygen is pumped into the wastewater. The continuous supply of oxygen is to maintain aerobic conditions and to keep the activated sludge suspended. This is followed by a settling tank to allow the biological flocs which composed of bacteria or protozoa to settle. This allows the separation of biological sludge from the clear treated water.

Chai Shu Qi

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Type of biological trickling filter:
Single trickling filters can be used to treat very tiny rural sewage treatment systems and modest household septic tank outputs. In bigger, centrally located sewage treatment facilities, numerous trickling filters are commonly utilized in tandem. The structure is designed to operate either as a single-pass system, in which case treated water is applied to the trickling filter only once before being released, or as a multi-pass system, in which case treated water is cycled back and treated once more through a closed loop.

Hasifah

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The activated sludge system is a process of treatment for both municipal and industrial wastewater. It is a multi-chamber reactor unit that utilizes highly volatile microbes to degrade organics and filter nutrients from wastewater to create high-quality effluent. A constant and well-timed supply of oxygen is ensured to keep the activated sludge suspended and preserve aerobic conditions.

In an aerated tank, flocs of bacteria are suspended and combined with wastewater. The bacteria utilize the organic contaminants to proliferate and convert them into energy, water, CO2, and new cell material. Gravity settling removes the flocs in the secondary clarifier, and some of the clarifier sludge is recycled back to the reactor. Once the final polishing is complete, the effluent can be discharged.

CINDY THAM SIEW YING

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Activated sludge is used for secondary wastewater treatment. It utilizes a dense microbial culture to biodegrade organic material under aerobic condition which can be maintained by diffused or mechanical aeration. Factors which can affect the performance of activated sludge system are temperature, pH and aeration time.

Azrina

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Trickling bioreactor filters is an aerobic treatment system that utilizes microorganisms attached to a medium to remove organic matter from wastewater.

Kuan Qi Siang

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Oxidation ponds, also called lagoons or stabilization ponds, are large, shallow ponds designed to treat wastewater through the interaction of sunlight, bacteria, and algae. Algae grow using energy from the sun and carbon dioxide and inorganic compounds released by bacteria in water. During the process of photosynthesis, the algae release oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria. Mechanical aerators are sometimes installed to supply yet more oxygen, thereby reducing the required size of the pond. Sludge deposits in the pond must eventually be removed by dredging. Algae remaining in the pond effluent can be removed by filtration or by a combination of chemical treatment and settling.

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The waste activated sludge system pumps oxygen into raw sewage to decompose contaminants and organic matter to balance the biological system. A well-agitated and aerated continuous flow reactor and settling tank are included. The activated sludge system is used in sewage and industrial wastewater treatment plants for a variety of reasons including oxidising nitrogenous pollutants, oxidising carbonaceous materials and removing nutrients such as phosphorus.

Afryna Saffiya

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Source: https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/trickling_filter.pdf

Advantages

1.Simple, reliable, biological process.
2.Suitable in areas where large tracts of land are not available for land intensive treatment systems.
3.Effective in treating high concentrations of organics depending on the type of medium used.
4.Appropriate for small- to medium-sized communities.
5.Rapidly reduce soluble BOD5 in applied wastewater.
6.Moderate level of skill and technical expertise needed to manage and operate the system.

Disadvantages

1.Additional treatment may be needed to meet more stringent discharge standards.
2.Requires regular operator attention.
3.Incidence of clogging is relatively high.
4.Flexibility and control are limited in comparison with activated-sludge processes.
5.Vector and odor problems.
6.Snail problems.

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- The stabilization pond reduces the biological oxygen demand up to 90% naturally.
- It is simple method to operate or does not require sophisticated equipment.
- Oxidation pond is a practical and effective method for the wastewater treatment of domestic and trade wastes in tropical areas.
- It is an economical method for the treatment of wastewater from small and isolated units.

Saundraya 164678

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Oxidation pond (stabilization pond) are large and shallow ponds that designed to do wastewater treatment through the interaction of sunlight, bacteria, and algae.
The advantages if oxidation pond is it can reduces the biological oxygen demand (BOD) up to 90% naturally. Besides, it is simple and easy to operate. It is also an effective and economical method for the wastewater treatment.

Sandy Pang Pui Xian

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Rotating biological contactor (RBC)
- Biological fixed-film treatment process, used in the SECONDARY TREATMENT of wastewater
- A type of fixed media filter which removes both organic matter and ammonia from water
- Removing BOD and converting NH4 to NO3; removal of BOD using RBC has about 85% efficiency
- Consist of large discs, which adhered by microorganism membranes
- Pollutants are decomposed aerobically by absorbing O2 from the air and pollutants from the wastewater, how magnificentttt <3
- While new microorganisms are continuously increase on the discs, old microorganisms whose activation has declined DROPPP off the discs (lil poor guy :'((
- Can be added to a packaged plant for more efficient ammonia removal

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Rotating biological contactors (RBC), also called rotating biological filters, are fixed-bed reactors consisting of stacks of rotating disks mounted on a horizontal shaft. They are partially submerged and rotated as wastewater flows through. They are used in conventional wastewater treatment plants as secondary treatment after primary sedimentation of domestic grey- or blackwater, or any other biodegradable effluent. The microbial community is alternately exposed to the atmosphere and the wastewater, allowing both aeration and assimilation of dissolved organic pollutants and nutrients for their degradation.

Nurul Aleya Azhari 162758

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As the liquid flows downward in the column on the surface of microbial films, organic compounds (substrates) diffuse through the microbial film and are utilized by organisms simultaneously. The liquid film over the biomass film should be thin enough to allow adequate aeration. A typical liquid film thickness is on the order of 0.01 mm, and biofilm thickness is 0.25 mm. Typical hydraulic residence times in trickling biological filters (TBF) are 0.5 to 4 h for high-rate filters using recirculation of effluent.

GOH ZHI XING

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A rotating biological contactor, or RBC, is a biological fixed-film treatment process used in secondary wastewater treatment after primary treatment. The primary treatment process involves screening to remove grit, sand, and coarse suspended material, followed by settling of suspended solids. The discs rotate slowly, with approximately 40% of their surface area submerged in wastewater. Pollutants are decomposed aerobically by absorbing oxygen from the air and pollutants from the wastewater.

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Oxidation ponds provide another inexpensive alternative to activated-sludge and trickling biological filter operations. Oxidation ponds are shallow (2 to 4ft deep) waste-treatment reactors closely resembling natural aquatic ecosystems.

Wong Zheng Shen

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The waste-liquid flow rate should be low enough to avoid creating shear forces that would remove biofilms from the surfaces of support particles. The driving force for air circulation is the temperature difference created by heat released by biological oxidations. The reaction medium is highly heterogeneous, having temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient profiles throughout the column.

Huang Jing Qing

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Trickling biological filters consist of a packed bed of inert support particles (sand or plastics) covered with a mixed culture of microorganisms in the form of a film or slime layer and cell aggregates. Waste-liquid is fed to the top of the bed using rotary liquid distributors.

Joanne Teng

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Trickling filter is a widely used aerobic biological treatment system. Also called a biofilter, it is a downflow packed bed type of reactor. It consists of a fixed bed made up of different inert materials. Biofilm grows on the surface of the inert bed. Different cheap and porous materials such as rocks, lava, coke, gravel, slag, pumice stone, polyurethane foam, peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media can be used for making the porous bed.

Koay Chen Yee