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In 1690 the first newspaper to be published in Britain's North American colonies was produced by Benjamin Harris. However, at the time it was illegal to publish a newspaper without governor's consent (which Benjamin Harris did not have). This led to the ban of the published newspaper and all copies were found and unfortunately destroyed. Benjamin Harris had also published multiple things while in London during the time it was illegal to print and publish anything involving the government without proper permission to do so. He ended up getting arrested in around 1679 but once released he continued to his attacks on the government. It was not until 1704 that the second newspaper was released, this time having the approval of the government and ended up lasting 74 years.

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Source:
First Newspaper Published in the Colonies (massmoments.org)

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In seventeenth-century America, colonial officials viewed newspapers as the source of "disobedience and heresy and . . . libels against the best government." The Governor of Massachusetts was warned, "Great inconvenience may arise by the liberty of printing."

In 1690 Benjamin Harris inconvenienced the Boston authorities by publishing the colonies' first newspaper. There had been one-page broadsides printed earlier, but Harris's Publick Occurrences looked and read like a newspaper. It was four pages long and the publisher promised an issue every month, "(or if any Glut of occurrences happen, oftener) with an Account of such considerable things as have arrived unto our Notice."

Benjamin Harris's reputation is sure to have accompanied him to New England. He had published books, pamphlets, and a newspaper in London at a time when it was illegal to print anything about the government without permission. In 1679 Harris had found himself on trial for a seditious libel contained in a book printed on his press. The judge declared, "You can hardly read a more bad, and pernicious book, to put us all into a Flame." Harris was not permitted to speak in his own defense, nor was the jury allowed to read the book. He was convicted, pilloried in front of his shop, and when he could not pay the fine, sent to prison. Once released from jail, he resumed his attacks on the government. He left England with his family to avoid further prosecution.

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First Newspaper Published in the Colonies

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On this day in 1690, Boston printer Benjamin Harris produced the first issue of Publick Occurrences, the first newspaper published in Britain's North American colonies. Readers were enthusiastic, but the governor was not. Under British law, no person [was to] keep any printing-press for printing, nor [was] any book, ...

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Initially Penny Press was not something the consumers were interested in. They were not very interested in the idea of buying a new newspaper constantly every single day. They saw no point in doing so. This meant that there was a great deal of persuasion needed to make the readers see the benefits of the paper. James Gordon Bennett, the founder of the New York Herald introduced the idea of interviewing and observation to provide a new aspect and improve the stories with more in dept details. He was known for his acts of reporting local news and his success in accuracy. With the new effects and improvement within the newspapers people started to become more interested in it.

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Source:
Penny press - Wikipedia

Link to Photo:
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Penny press newspapers were cheap, tabloid-style newspapers mass-produced in the United States from the 1830s onwards. Mass production of inexpensive newspapers became possible following the shift from hand-crafted to steam-powered printing. Famous for costing one cent (equivalent to $0.31 in 2021) while other newspapers cost around six cents, penny press papers were revolutionary in making the news accessible to middle class citizens for a reasonable price.

First Public Copy

Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript on July 24, 1830

Well known examples

The Sun, The NY Herald

Special Characteristics

Sold for one cent, which made it available to all classes

Social Impact

As a less politically influenced newspaper, it published a wider range of opinions

Selling Point

Simple vocabulary and diction meant easy comprehension by lower-class and less educated readers.

As the East Coast's middle and working classes grew, so did their desire for news. Penny papers emerged as a cheap source of news with coverage of crime, tragedy, adventure, and gossip. The penny papers represented the crudest form of journalism because of the sensational gossip that was reported.

The penny press was most noted for its price - only one cent per paper - while other contemporary newspapers were priced around six cents per issue. The exceptionally low price popularized the newspaper in America and extended the influence of the newspaper media to the poorer classes. The penny press made the news and journalism more important and also caused newspapers to begin to pay more attention to the public they served. Editors realized that the information that interested the upper class did not necessarily interest the penny-paying public. These new newspaper readers enjoyed the information about police and criminal cases. The main revenue for the penny press was advertising while other newspapers relied heavily on high-priced subscriptions to finance their activities.

The idea of a penny paper was not new in the 1830s. By 1826, many editors were experimenting with sports news, gossip, and cheap press.

Most newspapers in the early nineteenth century cost six cents and were distributed through subscriptions. On July 24, 1830, the first penny press newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript. Unlike most later penny papers, Walter's Transcript maintained what was considered good taste, featuring coverage of literature and the theater. This paper sold for four dollars a year.

The penny paper's largest inspiration came from Charles Knight's The Penny Magazine (1832-1845). The main purpose of this magazine was to educate and improve England's poor, but it was also very popular with Americans. It became a very successful magazine as it attained a circulation of more than 20,000 within a year.

Frederic Hudson, one of the first to write about the history of American journalism, believed the rise of the penny press to be a key factor in the development of the modern newspaper. Hudson considered newspapers to be dull during the 1840s.

The penny press arrived in New York on January 1, 1833, when Horatio David Shepard teamed up with Horace Greeley and Francis W. Story and issued the Morning Post. Although both Greeley and Story went on to fame and fortune in the New York press world, the concept of bringing out a penny paper belonged exclusively to Shepard. He made a habit of taking daily walks through the teeming streets of the Bowery, where he observed merchants selling small items for a penny apiece. Other papers of the time were selling for six cents which allowed for a wider spread of people to read the Penny Press so they could afford it. He also took note of the fact that sales were brisk.

Benjamin Day took the lead in profoundly transforming the daily newspaper. The newspaper went from narrowly focusing on the wealthy, with sparse distribution, to a broad-based news medium. These changes were seen mostly in New York City, Brooklyn, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore and other East Coast cities. Day introduced , which appealed to a wide audience, using a simpler, more direct style, vivid language, and human interest stories. Day was a New Englander who worked for the Springfield, Massachusetts paper, the Republican. He came to New York to be a compositor, but in the depression of 1833 he started The Sun out of desperation. Day reasoned that a penny paper would be popular in hard times as many could not afford a six-cent paper. He also believed that a substantial, untapped market existed in the immigrant community. His paper was an instant success. Its motto, printed at the top of every page, was "The object of this paper is to lay before the public, at a price within the means of every one, all the news of the day, and at the same time offer an advantageous medium for advertisements." Day made advances in written news by introducing a new meaning of sensationalism, which was defined as 'reliance on human-interest stories. He placed emphasis on the common person as he or she was reflected in the political, educational, and social life of the day. Day also introduced a new way of selling papers by putting into practice the London Plan. This plan included newsboys hawking their newspapers on the streets.

The success of the penny papers was not automatic; selling the new concept of the newspaper to this new audience involved some persuasion. Consumers did not want to buy a new newspaper every day, and it was a challenge to convince them of the benefits of doing so. Most newspapers at the time did not have any sort of timeliness, so buying a newspaper daily seemed pointless to readers. But, eventually, people became interested in reading the latest news which the penny papers strived to provide.

James Gordon Bennett's 1835 founding of the New York Herald added another dimension to penny press newspapers, now common in journalistic practice. Whereas newspapers had generally relied on documents as sources, Bennett introduced the practices of observation and interviewing to provide stories with more vivid details. Bennett is known for redefining the concept of news, reorganizing the news business, and introducing newspaper competition. Bennett's New York Herald was financially independent of politicians or political organizations and clubs thanks to a large number of advertisers. Bennett reported mainly local news and instances of corruption and strove for accuracy. He realized that "there was more journalistic money to be made in recording gossip that interested bar-rooms, work-shops, racecourses, and tenement houses, than in consulting the tastes of drawing rooms and libraries." He is also known for writing a "money page", which was included in the Herald, and also for his coverage of women in the news. His innovations sparked imitation as he spared nothing to get the news first.

Copying the idea of the northern newspapers, in 1837, Francis Lumsden and George Wilkins Kendall established The Picayune in New Orleans. The paper's initial price was one picayune, a Spanish coin equivalent to 6¼¢ (half a bit, or one-sixteenth of a dollar). Under Eliza Jane Nicholson, who inherited the struggling paper when her husband died in 1876, the Picayune introduced innovations such as society reporting (known as the "Society Bee" columns), children's pages, and the first women's advice column, which was written by Dorothy Dix. Between 1880 and 1890, the paper more than tripled its circulation.

Horace Greeley, publisher of 1841's The New York Tribune, also had an extremely successful penny paper. He was involved with the first penny paper in America, Boston's Morning Post, which was a failure. Instead of sensational stories, Greeley relied on rationalism in the Tribune. His editorial pages were the heart of his paper and the reason for its large influence. Greeley is also known for using his newspaper as a platform to promote the Whig and the later Republican Parties.

Quite possibly the most famous penny press paper was started in 1851 by two men: George Jones (publisher) and Henry Raymond. This paper was originally named The New York Daily Times, but was later changed to The New York Times in 1857. Originally sold at one cent per paper, it became famous for incorporating journalistic standards that are common today, as well as having very high-quality reporting and writing. The first issue of the New York Daily Times addressed the various speculations about its purpose and positions that preceded its release. It stated:

We shall be Conservative, in all cases where we think Conservatism essential to the public good;-and we shall be Radical in everything which may seem to us to require radical treatment and radical reform. We do not believe that everything in Society is either exactly right or exactly wrong;-what is good we desire to preserve and improve;-what is evil, to exterminate, or reform.

Political and demographic changes were also significant. Much of the success of the newspaper in the early United States owed itself to the attitude of the Founding Fathers toward the press. Many of them saw a free press as one of the most essential elements in maintaining the liberty and social equality of citizens. Thomas Jefferson said he considered a free press as even more important than the government itself: "Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate any moment to prefer the latter." It was because of his attitude that freedom of the press gained mention in the First Amendment to the Constitution, and though early politicians, including Jefferson, occasionally made attempts to rein in the press, newspapers flourished in the new nation

However, the penny press was originally apolitical both in content and in attitude. As Michael Schudson describes in Discovering the News, the Sun once replaced their congressional news section with this statement: "The proceedings of Congress thus far, would not interest our readers." The major social-political changes brought on by the development of the penny press were themselves helped by the penny press' focus on working-class people and their interests. Thus an apolitical attitude was, ironically, a political factor influencing the advancement of the penny press.

The founders of the penny press popularized both low prices for newspapers and newspaper economics based on sales instead of political party backing. Benjamin Day created The Sun without any political party backing. This was rare because this was an era where political parties sponsored newspapers. On the other hand, Horace Greeley used his newspaper, the New-York Tribune, as a platform for Whig politics.

In the early 1800s, newspapers were largely for the elite and took two forms - mercantile sheets that were intended for the business community and contained ship schedules, wholesale product prices, advertisements and some stale foreign news, and political newspapers that were controlled by political parties or their editors as a means of sharing their views with elite stakeholders. Journalists reported the party line and editorialized in favor of party positions.[page needed ] The emergence of the penny press greatly influenced communication technologies by covering news outside those of government interests. The first penny paper, the Sun, was founded in New York in September 1833. After that time, newspapers became nonpartisan since they were not supported by political parties.[page needed ] Penny papers hired reporters and correspondents to seek out and write the news, while at the same time, started to sound more journalistic than editorial. Reporters were assigned to beats and were involved in the conduct of local interaction. The penny press contributed to changes in newspaper content and structure. New journalism practices resulted in the development of concepts such as news reporting, emphasizing the importance of timeliness, and appealing to wider audiences. These newspapers, though not completely uninfluenced by political parties and their views, were self-funded and not party-funded. This allowed them to shift allegiance on political issues that the papers dealt with quite easily, which also aided in their success and acceptance by the general public.

Since these newspapers were not politically funded, the core interests of the journalists themselves were obviously quite different from competing newspaper agencies that had heavy political influence. The largest portion of demand was from immigrants, traditional middle-class citizens, and nascent literate classes; journalists kept articles concise and engaging with real-life topics readers could relate to, and did so with less sophisticated vocabulary so readers would not require higher education to understand the articles.[citation needed ] The penny press formula is the combination of sensational news with mass market appeal, large-scale industrial production, and economies of scale used in combination with neutrality and objectivity to create a paper that gets its point across without taking sides. Also, journalist-incorporated advertisements treated readers as consumers instead of another market for demand, in an effort to establish a relationship between paper and reader that was less about work and the economy and more about relaxation and reading for pleasure and relaxation.

The penny press newspapers became more widely read because journalists made the effort to keep their content understandable to less educated audiences. They also focused on investigating topics with more factual-based information rather than opinion-based articles, which gave the paper a less biased form of news than the elite newspapers, which were often published by those with special interests. News items and stories were also shorter than those found in elite papers. It was also believed that the working-class audiences would not have enough free time to read longer editorials, hence the shorter and more concise editorials. Human interest stories were also popular with the penny press audiences. Such items took up more space compared to earlier, more expensive papers that used human interest stories more as filler content. The New York penny papers were particularly known for publishing stories about interesting personalities and covering different aspects of the human condition. To connect with the urban, mostly working-class readership, New York reporters wrote about ordinary people and their experiences. They also wrote about the stock market, entertainers, politics, sports, and weather, all of which became important news and are still considered absolute necessities in a newspaper, thanks to the penny press. Reporters strove to deliver news in a timely manner and sometimes relied on the electric telegraph to gather and share information. Penny press journalists were the first people to report on crises and crime news, something that has become a staple in newspapers since. Continuing reports on the same story were introduced in penny press papers and were read by thousands of people on the same day. This, in combination with the speed of news delivery and thoroughness in the coverage of local news, forever changed the direction of American journalism.

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Penny press newspapers were cheap, tabloid-style newspapers mass-produced in the United States from the 1830s onwards. Mass production of inexpensive newspapers became possible following the shift from hand-crafted to steam-powered printing. Famous for costing one cent (equivalent to $0.31 in 2021) while other newspapers cost around six cents, penny press papers were revolutionary in making the news accessible to middle class citizens for a reasonable price.

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Joseph Pulitzer is the original creator of this style of journalism. The main focus of it was to increase the sales instead of actually making sure all the news was credible. Yellow Journalism caused a major increase in violence relating to multiple issues and topics. There has also been a problem with the lack of factual information included in the newspapers leading many people confused and misled. There seems to be no real problem with the newspaper itself, as the publishers tend to benefit a lot with the financial part. However, it is very obvious that while the company is not being negatively affected, the reads and consumers are not benefiting.

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Source:
21 Yellow Journalism Facts: Read About This Style Of Reporting | Kidadl

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Yellow Journalism Facts Read About This Style Of Reporting | Kidadl

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Yellow journalism was the most clever method of journalism that was introduced into the field. Keep reading to learn some interesting yellow journalism facts.

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Modern Journalism is a more convenient and easier way to read the news compared to the other news eras. It has adapted and used technology and the internet to its advantage allowing tons of people to easily access news just by clicking a button. However, some people are not very fond of the use of technology. Some even feel that online news is less creditable and reliable. Even with the improvement of accessing news many consumers feel there has not been an increase in its depth. There are many people who enjoy the idea of everything being online. And that it is way more beneficial and credible than before. But there is also the other half of people who see this new way of accessing the news completely different.

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Source:
Modern Journalism: What You Need To Know To Keep Up In Today's World | MastersInCommunications.org

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Today's journalism is a far cry from what it used to be. In the past, you received the majority of your news and information from your local newspaper published every morning.

If you didn't get it there, you watched the evening news after dinner. Add in a few national newspapers, and that was it.

Today, relying on only one source to receive all of your news and information seems unheard of. Newspapers are still around today, but we have so much more to go along with them. We don't have to wait an entire day for our news anymore - we wait mere seconds.

Now we see the news as it's happening instead of getting recaps of it the next day. With the rise of the internet and the 24/7 news station, we have an abundance of news sources directly at our fingertips.

Journalism as a whole has changed in response. Instead of having time to fact check, journalists are urged to be the first to break the story. This rush to first often leads to misinformation being published, causing confusing and sometimes outrage.

What used to be a cardinal sin is now less of an issue because being the first to hit publish is such a priority.

Let's take a look at what journalism is today, and some of the people changing it.

What Really Is Journalism?

Journalism is the act of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information. It is also the product of these activities.

Journalism is the product of every newspaper you read, every news station you watch, and every news article you read online.

Journalism is meant to place the public good above all else and uses specific methods to gather and assess information. In other words, journalism is meant to benefit the people, and journalists should routinely check what they're reporting on to be sure the information is verified and accurate.

RELATED: Online Masters in Journalism

Why Data Journalism Matters More Than Ever

Another side effect of the internet and the amount of data at our fingertips is the rise of data journalism. Data journalism is the use of data and number crunching to uncover, better explain, or provide context to a news story.

Data can be the tool used to tell a story, the source upon which a story is based, or both at the same time. It often involves the use of statistics, charts, and infographics.

Data journalism has become important because, in today's world, anyone with a smartphone and social media account can be a journalist. Multiple sources add information over social media, blogs, and videos as the news story is happening. It's an information overload, and opinion often clouds facts.

The goal of data journalism is to be the one who provides context to an event and aims to explain what it really means.

An excellent example of data journalism is a story ProPublica published about animal extinction across the globe. Using data from recent biology studies, they found that today's extinction rates rival those during the mass extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

Journalism In The Age of the Open Web

At the risk of beating a dead horse, the open web has changed everything. The way we consume data will never be the same.

Data used to come in a fixed, complete form. Books, newspapers, and documentaries. When you received it, it was finished and in its final form.

With digital news in the open web, your news source is almost a living, breathing thing. It is always changing, always evolving, and continuously being developed. That blog post you just read could be edited and revised several times over.

There is information everywhere that people consume anytime they want. They don't need to go to the store to buy a book or a newspaper anymore. All they have to do is reach into their pocket and enter a quick Google search, and they'll discover a wealth of knowledge on the subject.

Today's journalists face a new set of challenges. They're no longer the runaway experts in the fields they write in. Today, their readers may be smarter, and better informed than they are.

Now if you don't listen to them, work with them, work for them, give them what they want and need, they'll go somewhere else. And there are plenty of other places they can go. However, because of this, fake news has become a thing of all too common scenario.

What Journalism Is Missing Today

Even with the rise of the internet, 24/7 news stations, social media, and smartphones, something is missing from today's journalism.

We're more connected to the news that we've ever been. News companies have journalists working around the clock that can push us a story as it happens, no matter when it happens.

We're more informed than we've ever been, and we have limitless choices of where we want to consume our news. So, what are we missing? The answer is simple.

Time.

The one thing journalists don't have on their side anymore is time. They have to be first. They have to be fast. They don't have time anymore to become deeply engrossed in their stories. They don't have time to learn and ponder on their stories. They rely on quotes from other experts to shape their stories.

True investigative journalism is an art that is slowly fading. One of the main reasons is the money isn't there for it anymore. Doing a real investigative piece takes a lot of time, which in turn takes a lot of money.

The ad revenue they'd earn for the story would likely be a small fraction of what it cost to produce it. Because of this, investigative journalism is being replaced by 5-10 blog posts a day that will never have as much substance as an actual investigative piece.

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Modern Journalism: What You Need To Know To Keep Up In Today's World

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Journalism is changing rapidly. Here's what you need to know about the rapidly changing world of journalism.