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The  first Amendment of the US constitution states congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech. It makes sure all Americans have free speech. One day in Texas there was a man named Gregory Lee Johnson he participated in a group political demonstration on the steps Dallas city hall. Another Demonstrator took an American flag down from a flag pole and handed it to Mr Johnson and he set it on fire. Johnson was later arrested and charged with violating a Texas state law that banned the desecration of the American flag. Johnson was convicted but he then appealed the case and said that they were violating his first Amendment, freedom of speech. The US Supreme court later decided on a 5-4 that it was unconstitutional and that Johnson was in favor of the case and won. This impacted 48 other states on bans of burning the American flag

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The 14th Amendment Of the constitution was passed after the civil war. It states people must be given equal protection of the laws, which means state laws must treat all people in the same situation. During 1996- 2005 several states passed laws defining marriage as being one man and one women. This meant same-sex couples could not get married in those states. Same-sex couples argued that banning same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. The US Supreme court was asked to hear many cases so it decided to choice four. They were combined into one argument under the name Obergefell V Hodges. The Supreme Court ruled Obergefell V Hodges in a 5-4 vote to be unconstitutional.

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Miranda didn't know he had rights to a lawyer and to self in-crimination.  in his written statement he made a confession was voluntary, and was used in trail as evidence.  he had 20-30 yrs of prison.  Miranda had only 8th grade education at the time of his arrest.  so his petitioner thinks they should've told him his right so any statement or confessions were made voluntary.  even though Miranda wasn't threated by the police his right of self in-crimination weren't protected.  and the court decided his  statement couldn't be used in trial if the police didn't tell the suspect that he had right to a lawyer.

Arizona's response
Miranda had already been convicted of a crime, he should of known his rights to remain silent and to a lawyer. and looking at the circumstances the confession should've been voluntary.  he had signed a statement saying that is was voluntary, and he knew it could be used against him in court.

the Fifth Amendment requires police officers to warn individuals that they have certain rights.

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In 1890 Louisiana passed a law called Separate car act. Plessy argued that this law violated the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. Judge John Howard declared the law in to be constitutional and found Plessy guilty. Plessy appealed the case to the Louisiana Supreme court which they agreed that the law was constitutional. Then Plessy took his case to the US Supreme Court. In a 7-1 decision, the Supreme court ruled against Holmer Plessy. It affected the case later on in 1954 Brown V Board.