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Friedrich Miescher discovers an acidic substance in the cell nucleus and calls it "nuclein", which would later be known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

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1944: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod y Maclyn McCarty

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1944: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod y Maclyn McCarty

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Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty show that DNA is the genetic material responsible for heredity.

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Erwin Chargaff notes that the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine in DNA. This is known as Chargaff's rules.

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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase carry out experiments with bacteriophages and show that DNA is the genetic material passed down through generations.

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James Watson and Francis Crick propose the structure of DNA in the form of a double helix. His model was based on X-ray diffraction data from Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling.

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The Human Genome Project begins, with the aim of sequencing the entire human genome.

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The Human Genome Project is completed, having sequenced and mapped approximately 99% of the human genome.

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DNA stores genetic information and is replicated for transmission to daughter cells, while RNA is involved in protein synthesis and transfer of genetic information from DNA to ribosomes. Both nucleic acids are essential for the functioning and heredity of living organisms.

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Physical and chemical properties. DNA is a long polymer made up of repeating units, nucleotides. A double strand of DNA is 22 to 26 Ångströms (2.2 to 2.6 nanometers) wide, and a unit (a nucleotide) is 3.3 Å (0.33 nm) long.
DNA has the function of “storing information”. That is, it contains the instructions that determine the shape and characteristics of an organism and its functions. In addition, through DNA these characteristics are transmitted to descendants during reproduction, both sexual and asexual.

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RNA is the key intermediary between DNA and protein synthesis. During transcription, a strand of DNA is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Then, during translation, the mRNA is read by ribosomes and a chain of amino acids is synthesized to form a protein.