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The Homestead Act of 1862 gave 160 acres of federal land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property of land. This act accelerated the development and settlement of Western land for a minimal filling fee and five years of continuous residence on that land. Problems occurred because of the desolate and harsh climate, inexperience of farmers, and the inability to obtain prime farming lands (Chapter 15, page 488-489)

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The Reconstruction Act of 1867 was enacted in March and divided the conquered South into five military districts, each under the command of a U.S General. This act outlined the terms for readmission to representation of rebel states, with the exception of Tennessee (Chapter 14, page 455).

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The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment (July 1868)

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The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment (July 1868)

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An Amendment passed declaring that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" were citizens. No state could "abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States"; deprive "any persons of life, liberty, or property without dual process of law," or deny anyone "equal protection." The establishment of the Fourteenth Amendment finally provided a sense of citizenship for African Americans declaring that when people's essential rights were at stake, national citizenship hence-force took priority over citizenship in state (Chapter 14, page 455).

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 The ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment (February 1869) 

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 The ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment (February 1869) 

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The Fifteenth amendment forbade states to deny citizens the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or "previous condition of servitude." Although, the passing of this amendment left room for a poll tax (paid for the privilege of voting) and literacy requirements (Chapter 14, page 457).

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Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 which required "full and equal" access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of race. It was the last act protecting civil rights, until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Chapter 14, page 468).

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Above is a cartoon of the Great Railroad strike of 1877. 

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The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Formation of Labor Unions 

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The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Formation of Labor Unions 

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The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was a strike of Railroad workers who protested steep wage cuts from the depression in 1873, the strike brought a halt to railroad travel and commerce. This was the country's first major rail strike and witnessed the first general strike in the nation's history. The strikes and the violence it spawned briefly paralyzed the country's commerce and led governors in ten states to mobilize 60,000 militia members to reopen rail traffic. As a result, the formation of Labor unions such as: The Knights of Labor, Farmers' Alliance, and American Federation of Labor which all fought for workers rights (Chapter 16, pages 534-535).

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Above is a political cartoon depicting the Dawes Severalty Act. 

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In effort to assimilate Native American tribes, the Dawes Severalty Act was created. Senator Henry L. Dawes, who was an avid member of the Indian Rights Association, created this act in an effort to alleviate American Indian poverty. Most Americans in positions of power believed at the time that it was necessary for American Indians to adopt the Western way of life to emerge from the poverty that existed on the reservations (Chapter 15, page 504).

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Above is a picture showing Homer Plessy.

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 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896

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 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896

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Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson was brought to light by civil rights advocates on behalf of Homer Plessy. Plessy was a New Orleans resident who was one-eighth African American but appeared to be a white man. Plessy entered a first class, "White only" train car and was ordered to move to a "colored" train car, Plessy refused and was arrested. The court ruled that this issue did not violate the fourteenth amendment as long as African Americans had accommodations to access things deemed as "separate but equal." This sparked a public out-roar between southern and northern states, This was also one of the many Jim Crow laws that appeared in southern states, the idea of "Separate but Equal" occurred until 1964 (Chapter 17, page 558).

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The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. It called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. U.S. officials and business leaders took interest in East Asian Markets, in fear of being shut out of trade, Secretary of State John Hay sent a note to Eastern countries in 1899, claiming the right to equal trade access. The creation of the Open Door Policy increased foreign influence in China, which led to a rise in anti-foreign and anti-colonial sentiment in the country. The policy collapsed in 1931 when the Japanese seized and kept Manchuria, despite international disapproval. (Chapter 20, page 649-650)

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The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was created with the  main purpose of banning foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products. One of the many accounts of exposing industries occurred when Upton Sinclair wrote a novel called The Jungle, which described conditions occurring in Chicago meat packing plants describing rotten packaged meat and filthy conditions in the plant (Chapter 17, page 599).

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Creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peopled (NAACP) in 1909

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Creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peopled (NAACP) in 1909

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In 1905, W.E.B Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter called for a meeting at Niagara Falls, in hopes of of gaining voting rights, ending segregation, and equal opportunities for African Americans. In 1908, a race riot broke out, and African Americans were mobbed by whites. As a result, Mary White Ovington called together a meeting with other progressives. Their Meeting led to the creation of the NAACP in 1909, with many leaders of the Niagara Movement joining. (Chapter 19, page 625-626)

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The Clayton Antitrust Act, which amended the Sherman Act, attempts to prohibit certain actions that lead to anti-competitiveness. It Gave more power to the Justice Department to pursue antitrust cases. The Clayton Antitrust Act Outlawed discrimination, prohibited tying contracts, prohibited stock acquisition of competing corporations, prohibited the formation of interlocking directorate (Chapter 19, page 632).

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 The Universal Negro Improvement Association of 1914

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 The Universal Negro Improvement Association of 1914

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Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), primarily in the United States, organization founded by Marcus Garvey, dedicated to racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent black nation in Africa. Though Garvey had founded the UNIA in Jamaica in 1914, its main influence was felt in the principal urban black neighborhoods of the U.S. North after his arrival in Harlem, in New York City, in 1916. (Chapter 21, Page 697)

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The Great Migration was the relocation of more than 6 million Black Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from about 1916 to 1970. During the Great Migration, African Americans began to carve out a new position for themselves in public life, actively facing racial discrimination as well as economic, political and social barriers in order to construct a Black urban culture that would hold great power in the decades ahead. Migrants and their children created the Harlem Renaissance, and the Great Migration arguably was a factor leading to the American civil rights movement. (Chapter 20, page 660)

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The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, record keeping, and child labor standards affecting full-time and part-time workers in the private sector and in Federal, State, and local governments. Employers who are involved in interstate or foreign commerce are covered by the FLSA. FLSA coverage is broadly interpreted and includes nearly all employers of all sizes.(Chapter 21, page 719)

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The Manhattan Project was the secretive government project, which occurred from 1942 - 1946, whose purpose was to develop a nuclear bomb. It succeeded on 16 July 1945 at the Trinity Test in New Mexico and went on to produce the two atomic bombs which leveled the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WWII. The legacy of the Manhattan Project is immense. The advent of nuclear weapons not only helped bring an end to the Second World War but ushered in the atomic age and determined how the next war, the Cold War, would be fought. (Chapter 23, page 764)

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 President Truman creates the "Fair Deal" (1949) 

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 President Truman creates the "Fair Deal" (1949) 

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President Harry Truman proposes the "Fair Deal" (an extension of the New Deal) on January 5th, 1949. The Fair Deal helped to establish national health insurance, civil rights legislation, education funding, a housing program, expansion of social security, a higher minimum wage, and a new agricultural program. (Chapter 24, page 788)

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 Creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949

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 Creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949

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In April 1949, the United States secured the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which was the country's first peacetime military alliance outside the western hemisphere. Under NATO, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and The US, all agreed that "an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against all of them." (Chapter 24, page 782).

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In June 1964, congress approved the most far-reaching civil rights law since reconstruction. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, national origin, and sex. Another section of the act guaranteed equal access to public accommodations and schools. The law granted new enforcement powers to the U.S. attorney general and established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to implement the prohibition against job discrimination. (Chapter 26, page 855)

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Title XI was adopted in 1972 (of the Education Amendments Bill), congress broadened the 1964 Civil Rights Act to include educational institutions, prohibiting colleges and universities that received federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex. Title XI guaranteed women access to the same educational opportunities as men and all but eliminated male-only institutions of higher-education. By requiring comparable funding for sports programs, Title XI also made women's athletics a significant presence on college campuses. (Chapter 27, page 895)

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Roe v. Wade was a landmark legal decision issued on January 22, 1973, in which the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a Texas statute banning abortion, effectively legalizing the procedure across the United States. The court held that a woman’s right to an abortion was implicit in the right to privacy protected by the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. (Chapter 28, page 923)

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Ronald Regan wins presidential election (1980)

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Ronald Regan wins presidential election (1980)

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Aided by the Iran hostage crisis and a worsening economy at home marked by high unemployment and inflation, Reagan won the election in a massive landslide. The 1980 presidential election marked the beginning of the Reagan Era, and signified a conservative realignment in national politics. Domestically, the Reagan administration enacted a major tax cut, sought to cut non-military spending, and eliminated federal regulations. The administration's economic policies, known as "Reaganomics", were inspired by supply-side economics. (Chapter 29, page 940)

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The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA), or Kemp–Roth Tax Cut, was an Act that introduced a major tax cut, which was designed to encourage economic growth. The federal law enacted by the 97th US Congress and signed into law by US President Ronald Reagan. (Chapter 29, page 949)

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 The North American Free Trade agreement (1994) 

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 The North American Free Trade agreement (1994) 

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The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was implemented in 1994 to encourage trade between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada. NAFTA reduced or eliminated tariffs on imports and exports between the three participating countries, creating a huge free-trade zone. The main goals of NAFTA was to reduce trading costs, increase business investment, and help North America be more competitive in the global marketplace. (Chapter 30, page 974)

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 World Trade Organization (WTO) founded in 1995

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 World Trade Organization (WTO) founded in 1995

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.(Chapter 30, page 970-971)

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The  PATRIOT Act tore down the wall between law enforcement and intelligence officials so that they can share information and work together to help prevent attacks. The PATRIOT Act has helped us to disrupt terrorist plots and break up cells here in the United States.The Act enabled investigators to gather information when looking into the full range of terrorism-related crimes, including: chemical-weapons offenses, the use of weapons of mass destruction, killing Americans abroad, and terrorism financing. (Chapter 30, page 991)