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In written work where an external source has been used, a citation must be included at the point of use. 

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In written work where an external source has been used, a citation must be included at the point of use. 

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Author in-text citation is indicated by an introductory and/or parenthetical citation providing the:

a. last name of the author

b. page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken, if applicable.

The inclusion of a reference at the end of the paper is not enough.

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Short quotations (fewer than three lines ) ex. :

According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree.

According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184).

Long quotations (more than four lines) :

Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)

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If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text:

Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states, "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).

If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or words by using ellipses, which are three periods ( . . . ) preceded and followed by a space :

In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).

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MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8 th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

When you directly quote the works of others in your paper, you will format quotations differently depending on their length. Below are some basic guidelines for incorporating quotations into your paper. Please note that all pages in MLA should be double-spaced.

Short quotations

To indicate short quotations (four typed lines or fewer of prose or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific page number (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the in-text citation, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation.

Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage, but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.

For example, when quoting short passages of prose, use the following examples:

According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree.

According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184).

Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)?

When using short (fewer than three lines of verse) quotations from poetry, mark breaks in verse with a slash, ( / ), at the end of each line of verse (a space should precede and follow the slash). If a stanza break occurs during the quotation, use a double slash ( // ).

Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there / That's all I remember" (11-12).

Long quotations

For quotations that are more than four lines of prose or three lines of verse, place quotations in a free-standing block of text and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented 1/2 inch from the left margin while maintaining double-spacing. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.)

For example, when citing more than four lines of prose, use the following examples:

Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)

When citing long sections of poetry (four lines of verse or more), keep formatting as close to the original as possible.

In his poem "My Papa's Waltz," Theodore Roethke explores his childhood with his father:

The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy;
But I hung on like death:
Such waltzing was not easy.
We Romped until the pans
Slid from the kitchen shelf;
My mother's countenance
Could not unfrown itself. (qtd. in Shrodes, Finestone, Shugrue 202)

When citing two or more paragraphs, use block quotation format, even if the passage from the paragraphs is less than four lines. If you cite more than one paragraph, the first line of the second paragraph should be indented an extra 1/4 inch to denote a new paragraph:

In "American Origins of the Writing-across-the-Curriculum Movement," David Russell argues,

Writing has been an issue in American secondary and higher education since papers and examinations came into wide use in the 1870s, eventually driving out formal recitation and oral examination. . . .

From its birth in the late nineteenth century, progressive education has wrestled with the conflict within industrial society between pressure to increase specialization of knowledge and of professional work (upholding disciplinary standards) and pressure to integrate more fully an ever-widening number of citizens into intellectually meaningful activity within mass society (promoting social equity). . . . (3)

Adding or omitting words in quotations

If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text:

Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states, "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).

If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or words by using ellipses, which are three periods ( . . . ) preceded and followed by a space. For example:

In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).

Please note that brackets are not needed around ellipses unless they would add clarity.

When omitting words from poetry quotations, use a standard three-period ellipses; however, when omitting one or more full lines of poetry, space several periods to about the length of a complete line in the poem:

These beauteous forms,
Through a long absence, have not been to me
As is a landscape to a blind man's eye:

Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart;
And passing even into my purer mind,
With tranquil restoration . . . (22-24, 28-30)

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MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8 th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

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Choose MLA 9th generation

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Besoin de faire une bibliographie ? Utilisez gratuitement nos générateurs de sources de Scribbr.

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EasyBib®: Free MLA Citation & Bibliography Generator

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Generate accurate MLA citations with EasyBib. Automatically create your works cited page and format your bibliography.

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Check here which elements to be included.

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(From MLA handbook, ninth edition, 2021)

" Works cited" (Liste des citations) in ALPHABETICAL ORDER

- At the end of your work (before appendix)

- Full references of all the cited sources of your work

- Double spaced with 2.54 cm margins

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Share to Google Classroom

Students, teachers, professors, and anyone who works with words will want to know about the updates offered in the new MLA 9 Handbook, which was released in April 2021. The ninth edition builds on the Modern Language Association's long-standing authority on source documentation guidelines and continues MLA's dedication to promoting information and digital literacy, which are crucial in today's world. With the updated guidance of MLA 9, you will learn how to accurately and informatively cite everything from novels to song lyrics to dissertations.

The MLA Handbook is the definitive resource for writers at a range of levels and positions, but not everyone has the time or means to access and read the new edition in its entirety. Here you will find a summary of what you need to know about the latest writing and citation guidelines from the professionals at the Modern Language Association and how this edition differs from the eighth.

According to MLA, these are the new features of the ninth edition:

Expanded guidance on creating MLA works cited lists and how to style citations

More detailed explanation of in-text citations

Recommendations for inclusive language

Hundreds of sample works cited list entries with examples of various publication formats, "including books, databases, websites, YouTube videos, interviews, and more"

Updated guidelines on what constitutes plagiarism and how to avoid it

A new chapter all about how to format a research paper

New guidelines on writing, including spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and more

Below, you will find an overview of the MLA 9 Handbook, as well as a summary of the following highlights of the new edition:

New guidelines for citations

New guidelines for paper formatting

New writing advice

New guidelines on plagiarism

New guidelines on annotated bibliographies

This guide is organized into the following sections:

Overview of the MLA 9 handbook

The MLA 9 Handbook contains significantly more content than its predecessor, the eighth edition, which was released in April 2016. MLA 8 has 146 pages, whereas MLA 9 has 367. The increased length is explained by the following added chapters:

A chapter on formatting an MLA style paper

A chapter on inclusive language

A chapter on notes (endnotes, footnotes, content notes, etc.)

An appendix with abbreviations and example works cited list entries

The new edition has also added 142 visuals (as compared to MLA 8's 24) across most chapters, as well as expanding the following pre-existing sections:

Information on each element of a citation

Punctuation guidelines

Plagiarism guidelines

Additionally, MLA 9 offers guidance on the following subjects, which were missing from previous handbooks:

Annotated bibliographies

Citing social media

Citing works in apps and databases

Citing sources

The Modern Language Association is perhaps best known for its guidance on citations. A citation is simply a reference to someone else's information used in a work, and that information can be anything from a YouTube video to a dictionary. Citations are how one gives credit to the owner of the information they are using. Failing to cite your sources, or failure to cite them properly, is considered plagiarism.

MLA offers in-depth guidance on how to cite your sources properly. There are two primary ways to cite: in-text and a Works Cited list. MLA 9 provides ample guidance on both, as well as a total of 333 sample citations (quite a jump from MLA 8's 164).

Below is the updated guidance MLA 9 offers for each kind of citation.

In-text citation highlights

The Modern Language Association has added more guidance on in-text citations, but by and large the information on in-text citations has not changed. Here are the updates to the chapter on in-text citations:

More guidance on tricky citation scenarios, such as citing two authors with the same name

More guidance on quotations and paraphrasing

Guidance on styling in-text citations (not including in MLA 8)

Citation in prose

MLA now uses the term "citation in prose," a type of citation that is also known as a narrative citation. This is the second type of in-text citation, along with parenthetical citations. Citations in prose use the author's name in the text while the page number is cited parenthetically at the end of the sentence.

Here is an example of the same in-text citation, first cited parenthetically and second cited in prose:

Parenthetical citation example:

"Based on this evidence, we know that human life would not be sustainable on Mars." (M. Rogers 508).

Citation in prose example:

Mary Rogers proved that human life would not be sustainable on Mars based on her peer-reviewed evidence (220).

How to cite titles with quotation marks

When citing sources in-text without an author, include the source's title in the in-text citation. This can get tricky when there is a quotation in the title that is already in quotation marks. In that case, put double quotation marks around the whole source title and use single quotation marks around the quote within the title.

Original title example:

"With Great Responsibility": What it Means to be a Leader

Parenthetical citation example:

("'With Great Responsibility" 45)

How to shorten long organization author names

According to MLA 9, long corporate author names should now be shortened for in-text citations.

Examples:

Philadelphia Society for Welfare = Philadelphia Society

National Association for Women and Children = National Association

New York Home for the Blind = New York Home

How to format author surnames in citations

For citations in prose, Include the author's first name. For parenthetical citations, include the author's first initial.

Citation in prose example:

Mary Rogers proved that human life would not be sustainable on Mars based on her peer-reviewed evidence (220).

Parenthetical citation example:

"Based on this evidence, we know that human life would not be sustainable on Mars." (M. Rogers 508).

Include the source title in in-text citations

The source title must be included in the in-text citation. This can be done in three ways:

Examples:

Rich writes in Eco-tography that, "Digital photography is more eco-friendly than traditional photography" (113).

Rich writes, "Digital photography is more eco-friendly than traditional photography" (Eco-tography 119).

Rich posits that, "Digital photography is more eco-friendly than traditional photography" (Burman, Eco-tography 119).

For additional guidance, see this guide on MLA in-text citations.

Works cited updates

How to cite social media content

Whereas MLA 8 advised using a social media user's username as the author's name, MLA 9 advises using the author's real name or account name as the author's name in citations. If the user's name is different from their username, you may include the username in brackets.

MLA 9 examples:

Eilish, Billie [@billieeilish]. "TIME 100." Instagram, 15 Sep. 2021, https://www.instagram.com/p/CT2PD92pa6e/.

Biden, Joe. "I've set a course for the U.S. to achieve 100% clean electricity by 2035, and to reach net-zero emissions economy-wide by 2050..." Twitter, 15 Sep. 2021, https://twitter.com/POTUS/status/1438278944692842503?s=20.

MLA 8 examples:

@billieeilish (Billie Eilish). "TIME 100." Instagram, 15 Sep. 2021, https://www.instagram.com/p/CT2PD92pa6e/.

@POTUS (Joe Biden). "I've set a course for the U.S. to achieve 100% clean electricity by 2035, and to reach net-zero emissions economy-wide by 2050..." Twitter, 15 Apr. 2021, https://twitter.com/POTUS/status/1438278944692842503?s=20.

Truncating URLs in citations

URLs can get lengthy and can become cumbersome in citations, which can be a challenge when you are trying to cite a website in MLA (or another type of online source like a journal article). MLA 9 advises shortening URLs that run over three full lines. Omit "http://" and "https://," but the host site should always remain. MLA advises against using URL-shortening websites like tinyurl.com.

MLA 9 example:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26659913

MLA 8 example:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26659913?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=asteroids&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dasteroids%26acc%3Doff%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff%26group%3Dnone%26refreqid%3Dsearch%253A2d76cacb22f389e6c62ca90f68881076&ab_segments=0%2FSYC-6061%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Afe0951296fd808e357f1ed81a8d281cf&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

Abbreviation of academic press names

Like MLA 8, MLA 9 advises that academic presses/publishers with the words "university" and "press" (in any language) can be abbreviated. However, if the word "university" is not in the publisher's name, the word "press" should still be spelled out.

Formatting pseudonyms

MLA 9 has expanded guidance on citing authors with pseudonyms. Author pseudonyms should now be formatted with square brackets [ ] rather than parentheses (the former edition's requirement).

MLA 9 examples:

J.K. Rowling [Robert Galbraith]

MLA 8 examples:

J.K. Rowling (Robert Galbraith)

For more information on MLA-formatted citations, see this guide on MLA citation examples. If you're trying to cite sources, the EasyBib citation generator is a helpful resource.

Writing advice

Writing is tricky for even the most seasoned wordsmiths. The Modern Language Association offers useful guidelines for writers of all levels. MLA 9 expands on previous editions, offering guidance on capitalization, quoting, paraphrasing, language inclusivity, and using pseudonyms.

New capitalization guidelines

While MLA 8 capitalized seasons in publishing dates, MLA 9 does not. Additionally, the new MLA edition now requires sources or quotations in a foreign language to be cited using their native grammar and punctuation.

Inclusive language

Avoid using terms that specify the subject's ethnicity, religion, gender, social orientation, disability age, or social status if it is not critical for your context.

Implement gender neutrality such as "human-made," which can be used instead of "man-made."

Use Latinx terminology instead of Latino or Latino. The same goes for similar terms.

Avoid using terms like Muslim community or Native American language by changing it to Sunni Muslims in India or Chinookan languages.

Avoid religious generalizations for this newest MLA format edition by always making it clear what religion or beliefs you are referring to. ​

Need help with grammar? Check out the EasyBib grammar checker to instantly scan your writing and catch 200+ types of common grammar mistakes before your professor does.

Plagiarism

MLA 9 offers an expanded section on plagiarism, including sections on why plagiarism is serious, how to avoid it (with subsections careful research and proper citation practices), and when documentation is not needed.

Help protect your paper against accidental plagiarism with the EasyBib plagiarism checker and citation generator.

Annotated bibliographies

While MLA 8 offered no guidelines for annotated bibliographies, MLA 9 does. General guidelines include the following:

Annotation is placed directly under the citation it is discussing.

An annotation evaluates or describes the source, but does not repeat information in the source.

An annotation should be concise.

For more information, read this guide on MLA annotated bibliographies.

MLA Handbook. 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.

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Share to Google Classroom Students, teachers, professors, and anyone who works with words will want to know about the updates offered in the new MLA 9 Handbook, which was released in April 2021. The ninth edition builds on the Modern Language Association's long-standing authority on source documentation guidelines and continues MLA's dedication to promoting information and digital literacy, which are crucial in today's world.

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5 free plagiarism checkers for university students

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Save yourself the trouble of getting suspended or expelled for submitting someone else’s work with these free plagiarism checkers.

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- "The IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as Wikipedia".

- "The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all copyright material used."

- "Failing to show the use of someone else’s words, work or ideas without indicating the origin is misleading. If this gives the impression that such words or ideas are the author’s own when they are not, it is not only bad scholarship but—whether deliberate or unintentional—may be deemed as academic misconduct. This could lead to an investigation and, potentially, penalties. "

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"Academic integrity is a guiding principle in education and a choice to act in a responsible way whereby others can have trust in us as individuals. It is the foundation for ethical decision-making and behaviour in the production of legitimate, authentic and honest scholarly work". (Effective citing and referencing)

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"Bibliography/references/works cited section This is the section of a publication with a coherent list of all the information necessary to enable another person to find each of the sources used."

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"Citing is the process of indicating the sources in the text at point of use, usually just naming the creator. Referencing is providing full details, for example in a bibliography, that then enable another person to locate each source. "

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"This is the use of the author’s own words to convey someone else’s thoughts and ideas. In paraphrasing, there are some words that cannot be changed, such as the names of people or places. It is important to make clear where the ideas of the creator of the original work start and finish. If the author also includes their own examples, it should be made clear that these are their thoughts and not those of the original work’s creator. "

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Suggested Resources
Style Guide Overview MLA Guide APA Guide Chicago Guide OWL Exercises

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Summary:
This handout is intended to help you become more comfortable with the uses of and distinctions among quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. This handout compares and contrasts the three terms, gives some pointers, and includes a short excerpt that you can use to practice these skills.

This handout is intended to help you become more comfortable with the uses of and distinctions among quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. This handout compares and contrasts the three terms, gives some pointers, and includes a short excerpt that you can use to practice these skills.

What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?

These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing.

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?

Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to:

Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing

Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing

Give examples of several points of view on a subject

Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with

Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original

Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own

Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Writers frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book, a writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases as in the following example:

In his famous and influential work The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page #), expressing in coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the "dream-work" (page #). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (page #).

How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries

Practice summarizing the essay found here, using paraphrases and quotations as you go. It might be helpful to follow these steps:

Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.

Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is.

Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.

Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.

There are several ways to integrate quotations into your text. Often, a short quotation works well when integrated into a sentence. Longer quotations can stand alone. Remember that quoting should be done only sparingly; be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to do so. You'll find guidelines for citing sources and punctuating citations at our documentation guide pages.

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Summary:
This handout is intended to help you become more comfortable with the uses of and distinctions among quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. This handout compares and contrasts the three terms, gives some pointers, and includes a short excerpt that you can use to practice these skills.

This handout is intended to help you become more comfortable with the uses of and distinctions among quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. This handout compares and contrasts the three terms, gives some pointers, and includes a short excerpt that you can use to practice these skills.

What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?

These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing.

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?

Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to:

Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing

Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing

Give examples of several points of view on a subject

Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with

Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original

Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own

Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Writers frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book, a writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases as in the following example:

In his famous and influential work The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page #), expressing in coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the "dream-work" (page #). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (page #).

How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries

Practice summarizing the essay found here, using paraphrases and quotations as you go. It might be helpful to follow these steps:

Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.

Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is.

Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.

Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.

There are several ways to integrate quotations into your text. Often, a short quotation works well when integrated into a sentence. Longer quotations can stand alone. Remember that quoting should be done only sparingly; be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to do so. You'll find guidelines for citing sources and punctuating citations at our documentation guide pages.

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Style Guide Overview MLA Guide APA Guide Chicago Guide OWL Exercises This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved.

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"This refers to written, spoken, digital, electronic and other materials—anything that is not the author’s own."

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Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art.

Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books. A secondary source describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources.

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When you do research, you have to gather information and evidence from a variety of sources.

Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. A primary source gives you direct access to the subject of your research.

Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books. A secondary source describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources.

Primary sources are more credible as evidence, but good research uses both primary and secondary sources.

What is a primary source?

A primary source is anything that gives you direct evidence about the people, events, or phenomena that you are researching. Primary sources will usually be the main objects of your analysis.

If you are researching the past, you cannot directly access it yourself, so you need primary sources that were produced at the time by participants or witnesses (e.g. letters, photographs, newspapers).

If you are researching something current, your primary sources can either be qualitative or quantitative data that you collect yourself (e.g. through interviews, surveys, experiments) or sources produced by people directly involved in the topic (e.g. official documents or media texts).

What is a secondary source?

A secondary source is anything that describes, interprets, evaluates, or analyzes information from primary sources. Common examples include:

Books, articles and documentaries that synthesize information on a topic

Synopses and descriptions of artistic works

Encyclopedias and textbooks that summarize information and ideas

Reviews and essays that evaluate or interpret something

When you cite a secondary source, it's usually not to analyze it directly. Instead, you'll probably test its arguments against new evidence or use its ideas to help formulate your own.

Primary and secondary source examples

Examples of sources that can be primary or secondary

A secondary source can become a primary source depending on your research question. If the person, context, or technique that produced the source is the main focus of your research, it becomes a primary source.

Documentaries

If you are researching the causes of World War II, a recent documentary about the war is a secondary source. But if you are researching the filmmaking techniques used in historical documentaries, the documentary is a primary source.

Reviews and essays

If your paper is about the novels of Toni Morrison, a magazine review of one of her novels is a secondary source. But if your paper is about the critical reception of Toni Morrison's work, the review is a primary source.

Newspaper articles

If your aim is to analyze the government's economic policy, a newspaper article about a new policy is a secondary source. But if your aim is to analyze media coverage of economic issues, the newspaper article is a primary source.

How to tell if a source is primary or secondary

To determine if something can be used as a primary or secondary source in your research, there are some simple questions you can ask yourself:

Does this source come from someone directly involved in the events I'm studying (primary) or from another researcher (secondary)?

Am I interested in analyzing the source itself (primary) or only using it for background information (secondary)?

Does the source provide original information (primary) or does it comment upon information from other sources (secondary)?

Primary vs secondary sources: which is better?

Most research uses both primary and secondary sources. They complement each other to help you build a convincing argument. Primary sources are more credible as evidence, but secondary sources show how your work relates to existing research.

What do you use primary sources for?

Primary sources are the foundation of original research. They allow you to:

Make new discoveries

Provide credible evidence for your arguments

Give authoritative information about your topic

If you don't use any primary sources, your research may be considered unoriginal or unreliable.

What do you use secondary sources for?

Secondary sources are good for gaining a full overview of your topic and understanding how other researchers have approached it. They often synthesize a large number of primary sources that would be difficult and time-consuming to gather by yourself. They allow you to:

Gain background information on the topic

Support or contrast your arguments with other researchers' ideas

Gather information from primary sources that you can't access directly (e.g. private letters or physical documents located elsewhere)

When you conduct a literature review, you can consult secondary sources to gain a thorough overview of your topic. If you want to mention a paper or study that you find cited in a secondary source, seek out the original source and cite it directly.

Remember that all primary and secondary sources must be correctly cited to avoid plagiarism.

Frequently asked questions about primary and secondary sources

How can you tell if a source is primary or secondary?

To determine if a source is primary or secondary, ask yourself:

Was the source created by someone directly involved in the events you're studying (primary), or by another researcher (secondary)?

Does the source provide original information (primary), or does it summarize information from other sources (secondary)?

Are you directly analyzing the source itself (primary), or only using it for background information (secondary)?

Some types of source are nearly always primary: works of art and literature, raw statistical data, official documents and records, and personal communications (e.g. letters, interviews). If you use one of these in your research, it is probably a primary source.

Primary sources are often considered the most credible in terms of providing evidence for your argument, as they give you direct evidence of what you are researching. However, it's up to you to ensure the information they provide is reliable and accurate.

Always make sure to properly cite your sources to avoid plagiarism.

Is a movie a primary or secondary source?

A fictional movie is usually a primary source. A documentary can be either primary or secondary depending on the context.

If you are directly analyzing some aspect of the movie itself - for example, the cinematography, narrative techniques, or social context - the movie is a primary source.

If you use the movie for background information or analysis about your topic - for example, to learn about a historical event or a scientific discovery - the movie is a secondary source.

Whether it's primary or secondary, always properly cite the movie in the citation style you are using. Learn how to create an MLA movie citation or an APA movie citation.

Is a newspaper article a primary or secondary source?

Articles in newspapers and magazines can be primary or secondary depending on the focus of your research.

In historical studies, old articles are used as primary sources that give direct evidence about the time period. In social and communication studies, articles are used as primary sources to analyze language and social relations (for example, by conducting content analysis or discourse analysis).

If you are not analyzing the article itself, but only using it for background information or facts about your topic, then the article is a secondary source.

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When you do research, you have to gather information and evidence from a variety of sources. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. A primary source gives you direct access to the subject of your research.

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Accepted, basic or common knowledge within a field or subject does not need to be acknowledged. For example, if mentioning that the Earth moved around the Sun, there would be no need to cite Copernicus.

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Such as music, video and artistic pieces—the use of external sources must be acknowledged. Citation of sources can be done in a variety of ways.
• In a film, references or acknowledgements of other people’s work can be included in the final credits or as a sub title at the appropriate point in the video.
• A piece of music can be accompanied by notes indicating sources and influences.
• Art on display can be labelled or captioned.
• A fictional story can be enhanced if a note in an acknowledgements section cites influences or adaptations of other people's work.
• In presentations, full references can be included on the slide. Alternatively, short citations may be provided on the slides and the sources listed on the final slide, or the audience provided with a handout of the full references, on paper or online, and given the URL to retrieve it.
• On a webpage, a live hyperlink to the sources cited may be provided.
• During an oral presentation the sources being used can be acknowledged by saying “As Gandhi put it …” or “According to …”. A direct quotation can be shown by saying “quote … unquote” or by signalling with air quotes.
• In a presentation supported by posters, infographics or other material, full references could be included at the point of use. Alternatively, a citation could be included at the point of use with the full reference available elsewhere, as in the “presentations” example.

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Paraphrasing: Sample Essay - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University

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The winning essays were selected as examples of excellent student writing that use MLA style for citing sources. 

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The winning essays were selected as examples of excellent student writing that use MLA style for citing sources. 

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Congratulations to the students whose essays were selected for the 2023 edition of Writing with MLA Style! Essays were selected as examples of excellent student writing that use MLA style for citing sources. Essays have been lightly edited.

If your institution subscribes to MLA Handbook Plus, you can access annotated versions of the essays selected in 2022 and 2023.

Writing with MLA Style: 2023 Edition

The following essays were selected for the 2023 edition of Writing with MLA Style. The 2023 selection committee was composed of Ellen C. Carillo, University of Connecticut (chair); Rachel Ihara, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York; and Tarshia L. Stanley, Wagner College.

Caroline Anderson (Pepperdine University)

" L'Appel du Vide: Making Spaces for Sinful Exploration in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde "

Hunter Daniels (University of South Carolina, Aiken)

"Biblical Legalism and Cultural Misogyny in The Tragedy of Mariam "

Grace Quasebarth (Salve Regina University)

"Finding a Voice: The Loss of Machismo Criticisms through Translation in Isabel Allende's The House of the Spirits "

Writing with MLA Style: 2022 Edition

The following essays were selected for the 2022 edition of Writing with MLA Style. The 2022 selection committee was composed of Ellen C. Carillo, University of Connecticut; Jessica Edwards, University of Delaware (chair); and Deborah H. Holdstein, Columbia College Chicago.

Klara Ismail (University of Exeter)

"Queering the Duchess: Exploring the Body of the Female Homosexual in John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi "

Samantha Wilber (Palm Beach Atlantic University)

"'Pero, tu no eres facil': as Multicultural Bildungsroman"

Writing with MLA Style: 2019 Edition

The following essays were selected for the 2019 edition of Writing with MLA Style. The 2019 selection committee was composed of Jessica Edwards, University of Delaware; Deborah H. Holdstein, Columbia College Chicago (chair); and Liana Silva, César E. Chavez High School, Houston, Texas.

Emily Schlepp (Northwest University)

"A Force of Love: A Deconstructionist Reading of Characters in Dickens's Great Expectations "

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Writing with MLA Style | MLA Style Center

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Congratulations to the students whose essays were selected for the 2023 edition of Writing with MLA Style! Essays were selected as examples of excellent student writing that use MLA style for citing sources. Essays have been lightly edited. If your institution subscribes to MLA Handbook Plus, you can access annotated versions of the essays selected ...

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Copyright is a type of intellectual property that protects original works of authorship as soon as an author fixes the work in a tangible form of expression.

Everyone is a copyright owner. Once you create an original work and fix it, like taking a photograph, writing a poem or blog, or recording a new song, you are the author and the owner.

The length of copyright protection depends on when a work was created. Under the current law, works created on or after January 1, 1978, have a copyright term of life of the author plus seventy years after the author’s death.

We are all also copyright users. When we read books, watch movies, listen to music, or use videogames or software, we are using copyright-protected works.

USA Copyright act's
FRA Code de la propriété intellectuelle
https://www.inpi.fr/comprendre-la-propriete-intellectuelle/les-enjeux-de-la-propriete-intellectuelle/quest-ce-que-la-propriete-industrielle

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Copyright is a type of intellectual property that protects original works of authorship as soon as an author fixes the work in a tangible form of expression. In copyright law, there are a lot of different types of works, including paintings, photographs, illustrations, musical compositions, sound recordings, computer programs, books, poems, blog posts, movies, architectural works, plays, and so much more!

Copyright is originality and fixation

Original Works

Works are original when they are independently created by a human author and have a minimal degree of creativity. Independent creation simply means that you create it yourself, without copying. The Supreme Court has said that, to be creative, a work must have a "spark" and "modicum" of creativity. There are some things, however, that are not creative, like: titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring; and mere listings of ingredients or contents. And always keep in mind that copyright protects expression, and never ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts, principles, or discoveries.

Fixed Works

A work is fixed when it is captured (either by or under the authority of an author) in a sufficiently permanent medium such that the work can be perceived, reproduced, or communicated for more than a short time. For example, a work is fixed when you write it down or record it.

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Copyright is a type of intellectual property that protects original works of authorship as soon as an author fixes the work in a tangible form of expression. In copyright law, there are a lot of different types of works, including paintings, photographs, illustrations, musical compositions, sound recordings, computer programs, books, poems, blog posts, movies, architectural works, plays, and so much more!

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CITE A BOOK as a reference : "..." + (pages after the point)
CITE AN ONLINE SOURCE as a reference : Use : From a blog article
CITE A SOCIAL MEDIA as a reference : Use : From the Instagram page of IB
CITE AN IMAGE : Use : As indicated on the picture number 1 + (Title, page)

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Always review carefully the generated quotations

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Always review carefully the generated quotations

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There are quite a number of free automated citation generators available on the Web; for examp

easybib -- free only for MLA citation

bibme-- limited free APA, MLA and Chicago citation

KnightCite -- free APA, MLA and Chicago citation

mybib.com -- free APA, MLA, Chicago , AMA and many other citations

zoterobib -- free APA, MLA, Chicago , AMA, CSE and many other citations; good tool to create, verify, or convert your citation style.

Note: always check for accuracy.

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LibGuides: MLA Citation Style 9th Edition: Automated Citation Tools

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There are quite a number of free automated citation generators available on the Web; for examp easybib -- free only for MLA citation bibme-- limited free APA, MLA and Chicago citation KnightCite -- free APA, MLA and Chicago citation mybib.com -- free APA, MLA, Chicago , AMA and many other citations zoterobib -- free APA, MLA, Chicago , AMA, CSE and many other citations; good tool to create, verify, or convert your citation style.

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Always start with IDENTIFYING your subject/needs of Information (to translate into Key words for search engines / Prompt for chatbots). WWWWWHOW (Why, When, Who, Where, What, How)

COLLET information (KEEPING NOTES of SOURCES) all along your research and QUOTE OR PARAPHRASE properly. (Primary data always better)

COMPARE information and VARY SOURCES (Journal, Letter, Newspaper, Magazines, Encyclopedia, Brochure, Statistics, Equation, Photograph, Artwork, Scupture, Graphic, Map, Logo, Video, Song, Interviews, Podcast...)

CREATE your own/personal/original paperwork

CITE (respecting MLA rules (into the text, in footnotes, in bibliography 15-40 references) / citation depends on each kind of sources)

CHECK YOUR WORK (Meet EE expectations?, Meet MLA expectations? No plagiarism?)

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Have you EVER used EUROPRESS ?Our international database

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Have you EVER used EUROPRESS ?Our international database

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Go onto Pronote/CDI ISD/ Ressources numériques/Pronote

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To access JSTOR and more databases for free!

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To access JSTOR and more databases for free!

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You need your ID or passport and ID or passport of your parents and YOUR codice fiscale.

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Iscriviti e scegli la tua card online

Compilando la form qui sotto riportata, viene effettuata l?auto-registrazione alla Bibliopass che ha validità annuale e permette di usufruire dei servizi ad essa collegati offerti dalle Biblioteche di Roma. Dopo aver effettuato l'iscrizione e il primo accesso nel proprio "Spazio personale", il lettore potrà acquistare on-line la Bibliocard, pagando la quota associativa annuale, per avere a disposizione ulteriori servizi e agevolazioni. Per saperne di più...

* Campi obbligatori

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Biblioteche di Roma, portale di Biblioteche di Roma, ricerca libri Roma cd dvd, servizi lettura prestito consultazione postazioni internet incontri seminari corsi eventi appuntamenti ed iniziative gratis per tutti. Bibliocard a 5%, sconti e convenzioni su teatri eventi e negozi. Biblioteche Roma, libri Roma, Biblioteche Comune di Roma.

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Get your website citation done in 1 click.

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Get your website citation done in 1 click.

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Take 2 min and Give it a try with Scribbr!

Open this link

https://www.scribbr.fr/

Choose MLA 9th generation

Copy paste this URL

https://institutsaintdominique.fr/it/

AND Click on CITE

Always review carefully the generated quotations!

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Take the quizz to check you are citing/quoting/sourcing properly!

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Take the quizz to check you are citing/quoting/sourcing properly!

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Access Google Forms with a personal Google account or Google Workspace account (for business use).