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What is the distinction between computer organization and computer architecture?

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What is the distinction between computer organization and computer architecture?

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Present an overview of the evolution of computer through generations.

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Present an overview of the evolution of computer through generations.

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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/generations-of-computers-computer-fundamentals/

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The modern computer took its shape with the arrival of your time. It had been around the 16th century when the evolution of the computer started. The initial computer faced many changes, obviously for the betterment. It continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the fashionable day computer.

Basic Terms Related to Computers

The basic terms related to generations of computers are listed below.

1. Vacuum Tube: Vacuum tubes have the functionality of controlling the flow of electronics in a vacuum. Generally, it is used in switches, amplifiers, radios, televisions, etc.

2. Transistor: A transistor helps in controlling the flow of electricity in devices, it works as an amplifier or a switch.

3. Integrated Circuit (IC):Integrated circuits are silicon chips that contain their circuit elements like transistors, resistors, etc.

4. Microprocessors: Microprocessors are the components that contain the CPU and its circuits and are present in the Integrated Circuit.

5. Central Processing Unit (CPU): TheCPU is called the brain of the computer. CPU performs processing and operations work.

6. Magnetic Drum: Magnetic Drum is like a cylinder that stores data and cylinder.

7. Magnetic Core: Magnetic cores are used to store information. These are arrays of small rings.

8. Machine Language: Machine Language is the language that a computer accepts (in the form of binary digits). It is also called low-level programming language.

9. Memory: Memory is used to store data, information, and program in a computer.

10. Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence deals with creating intelligent machines and behaviors.

Phases of Computer Generations

This long period is often conveniently divided into the subsequent phases called computer generations.

Generations of Computer

Time-Period

Evolving Hardware

First Generation

1940s - 1950s

Vacuum Tube Based

Second Generation

1950s - 1960s

Transistor Based

Third Generation

1960s - 1970s

Integrated Circuit Based

Fourth Generation

1970s - Present

Microprocessor Based

Fifth Generation

Present - Future

Artificial Intelligence Based

Before the generation of computers, we used calculators, spreadsheets, and computer algebra systems, mathematicians and inventors searched for solutions to ease the burden of calculation.

Below are the 8 Mechanical Calculators before modern computers were invented.

1. Abacus (ca. 2700 BC)

2. Pascal's Calculator (1652)

3. Stepped Reckoner (1694)

4. Arithmometer (1820)

5. Comptometer (1887) and Comptograph (1889)

6. The Difference Engine (1822)

7. Analytical Engine (1834)

8. The Millionaire (1893)

First Generation Computers

The technology behind the primary generation computers was a fragile glass device, which was called a vacuum tube. These computers were very heavy and really large. These weren't very reliable and programming on them was a tedious task as they used low-level programming language and used no OS. First-generation computers were used for calculation, storage, and control purpose. They were too bulky and large that they needed a full room and consume a lot of electricity.

Examples of some main first-generation computers are mentioned below.

ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly was a general-purpose computer. It had been cumbersome, and large, and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.

EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer was designed by von Neumann. It could store data also as instruction and thus the speed was enhanced.

UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was developed in 1952 by Eckert and Mauchly.

Characteristics of First-Generation Computers

Second Generation Computers

Second-generation computers used the technology of transistors rather than bulky vacuum tubes. Another feature was the core storage. A transistor may be a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a sign or opens or closes a circuit.

Transistors were invented in Bell Labs. The use of transistors made it possible to perform powerfully and with due speed. It reduced the dimensions and price and thankfully the warmth too, which was generated by vacuum tubes. Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, programming language, and input, and output units also came into the force within the second generation.

The programming language was shifted from high level to programming language and made programming comparatively a simple task for programmers. Languages used for programming during this era were FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1958), and COBOL (1959).

Characteristics of Second-Generation Computers

Third Generation Computers

During the third generation, technology envisaged a shift from huge transistors to integrated circuits, also referred to as IC. Here a variety of transistors were placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors. The most feature of this era's computer was speed and reliability. IC was made from silicon and also called silicon chips.

A single IC has many transistors, registers, and capacitors built on one thin slice of silicon. The value size was reduced and memory space and dealing efficiency were increased during this generation. Programming was now wiped out Higher level languages like BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Minicomputers find their shape during this era.

Characteristics of Third-Generation Computers

Fourth Generation Computers

In 1971 First microprocessors were used, the large-scale of integration LSI circuits built on one chip called microprocessors. The advantage of this technology is that one microprocessor can contain all the circuits required to perform arithmetic, logic, and control functions on one chip.

The computers using microchips were called microcomputers. This generation provided even smaller size of computers, with larger capacities. That's not enough, then Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits replaced LSI circuits. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the pc from the central processing unit and memory to input/ output controls on one chip and allowed the dimensions to reduce drastically.

Technologies like multiprocessing, multiprogramming, time-sharing, operating speed, and virtual memory made it a more user-friendly and customary device. The concept of private computers and computer networks came into being within the fourth generation.

Characteristics of Fourth-Generation Computers

Main electronic component

Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) and the microprocessor (VLSI has thousands of transistors on a single microchip).

Memory

semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.).

Input/output devices
pointing devices, optical scanning, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.

Examples of the fourth generation

IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, Alter 8800, etc.

Fifth Generation Computers

The technology behind the fifth generation of computers is AI. It allows computers to behave like humans. It is often seen in programs like voice recognition, area of medicine, and entertainment. Within the field of game playing also it's shown remarkable performance where computers are capable of beating human competitors.

The speed is the highest, size is the smallest and area of use has remarkably increased within the fifth generation computers. Though not a hundred percent AI has been achieved to date but keeping in sight the present developments, it is often said that this dream also will become a reality very soon.

To summarize the features of varied generations of computers, it is often said that a big improvement has been seen so far because of the speed and accuracy of functioning care, but if we mention the dimensions, it's been small over the years. The value is additionally diminishing and reliability is increasing.

Characteristics of Fifth-Generation Computers

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Generations of Computers - Computer Fundamentals - GeeksforGeeks

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The modern computer took its shape with the arrival of your time. It had been around the 16th century when the evolution of the computer started. The initial computer faced many changes, obviously for the betterment. It continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the fashionable day computer.

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Câu hỏi: What is computer architecture? What is computer organization? Example?

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Câu hỏi: What is computer architecture? What is computer organization? Example?

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https://www.javatpoint.com/computer-architecture-vs-computer-organization

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Computer Architecture and Computer Organization are related but distinct concepts in computer science.

Computer Architecture refers to the overall design of a computer system, including the instruction set, memory hierarchy, and I/O systems. It provides a high-level view of the system, including the number and type of processing elements, the memory structure, and the communication mechanisms between these components.

Computer Organization, on the other hand, refers to the way that the components of a computer system are implemented, including the control unit, arithmetic-logic unit (ALU), and memory unit. It also covers the detailed design of the instruction set and how the processor executes instructions.

For example:

Computer architecture is the x86 architecture used by Intel and AMD processors. This architecture has a specific instruction set and a specific memory hierarchy, with various levels of cache and a distinction between main memory and secondary storage.

Computer organization is the way a computer system is designed to handle input and output. This includes details such as how data is transferred between the CPU and I/O devices, how interrupts are handled, and how data is buffered to improve performance.

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All computer types have the same basic computer structure and function. They all follow basic operations. These operations are responsible for converting raw input data into some information that is useful for the users of computers. This basic structure includes an input unit, CPU (central processing unit), and output unit.
Structure

Input unit:

Input units are the components or devices of the computer by which we can enter any data into the computer. To 'input' implies to give data/enter data. The Input Unit hence comprises of the devices with which we are able to give in data. This unit acts as a connection between the user and the Computer System.
Example: Keyboard, webcam, microphone, etc.

The central processing unit (CPU):

The central processing unit or CPU is known as the computer’s brain. The CPU plays an important role in forming the basic structure of computers. CPU. It does all the data operations. The CPU is responsible for storing data, intermediating results, and instructions of programs. The central processing unit controls the operations of every part of the computer.

Output unit

Once our task is over, the System will require a medium to display the results. This Unit is again a connection between the user and the

Example: Monitor, printer, speakers, etc.

Source:

https://brainly.in/question/17519626

https://unacademy.com/content/nta-ugc/study-material/computer-science/basic-structure-of-computer/#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20components%20of,control%20unit%20sends%20the%20commands.

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Cấu trúc của máy tính đề cập đến sự tổ chức của các thành phần phần cứng khác nhau hoạt động cùng nhau để thực hiện các nhiệm vụ tính toán. Các thành phần chính của máy tính bao gồm:CPU (Central Processing Unit): Đó là bộ não của máy tính thực hiện tất cả các nhiệm vụ xử lý. Nó bao gồm đơn vị điều khiển, đơn vị toán học và logic, và các thanh ghi.Bộ nhớ: Đó là không gian lưu trữ nơi máy tính lưu trữ dữ liệu và chương trình hiện đang sử dụng. Nó bao gồm RAM (Random Access Memory) và ROM (Read Only Memory).Thiết bị nhập liệu: Chúng cho phép người dùng nhập dữ liệu và lệnh vào máy tính. Ví dụ bao gồm bàn phím, chuột, máy quét và microphone.Thiết bị xuất liệu: Chúng cho phép máy tính hiển thị hoặc xuất kết quả xử lý. Ví dụ bao gồm màn hình, máy in và loa.Thiết bị lưu trữ: Chúng được sử dụng để lưu trữ dữ liệu và chương trình cho việc sử dụng sau này. Ví dụ bao gồm ổ đĩa cứng, ổ đĩa rắn và USB.Chức năng của máy tính đề cập đến các nhiệm vụ mà máy tính có thể thực hiện. Các chức năng chính của máy tính bao gồm:Xử lý: Máy tính có thể thực hiện một loạt các nhiệm vụ xử lý như các phép toán số học, các phép toán logic, xử lý dữ liệu và phân tích dữ liệu.Lưu trữ: Máy tính có thể lưu trữ lượng lớn dữ liệu và chương trình để sử dụng sau này. Chúng cũng có thể truy xuất dữ liệu từ bộ nhớ lưu trữ khi cần.Nhập/ xuất: Máy tính có thể tương tác với người dùng thông qua thiết bị nhập liệu như bàn phím và chuột, và thiết bị xuất liệu như màn hình và máy in.Giao tiếp: Máy tính có thể kết nối với các máy tính và thiết bị khác thông qua các mạng và kênh giao tiếp để chia sẻ dữ liệu và tài nguyên.Tự động hoá:

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Cấu trúc của máy tính đề cập đến sự tổ chức của các thành phần phần cứng khác nhau hoạt động cùng nhau để thực hiện các nhiệm vụ tính toán. Các thành phần chính của máy tính bao gồm:CPU (Central Processing Unit): Đó là bộ não của máy tính thực hiện tất cả các nhiệm vụ xử lý. Nó bao gồm đơn vị điều khiển, đơn vị toán học và logic, và các thanh ghi.Bộ nhớ: Đó là không gian lưu trữ nơi máy tính lưu trữ dữ liệu và chương trình hiện đang sử dụng. Nó bao gồm RAM (Random Access Memory) và ROM (Read Only Memory).Thiết bị nhập liệu: Chúng cho phép người dùng nhập dữ liệu và lệnh vào máy tính. Ví dụ bao gồm bàn phím, chuột, máy quét và microphone.Thiết bị xuất liệu: Chúng cho phép máy tính hiển thị hoặc xuất kết quả xử lý. Ví dụ bao gồm màn hình, máy in và loa.Thiết bị lưu trữ: Chúng được sử dụng để lưu trữ dữ liệu và chương trình cho việc sử dụng sau này. Ví dụ bao gồm ổ đĩa cứng, ổ đĩa rắn và USB.Chức năng của máy tính đề cập đến các nhiệm vụ mà máy tính có thể thực hiện. Các chức năng chính của máy tính bao gồm:Xử lý: Máy tính có thể thực hiện một loạt các nhiệm vụ xử lý như các phép toán số học, các phép toán logic, xử lý dữ liệu và phân tích dữ liệu.Lưu trữ: Máy tính có thể lưu trữ lượng lớn dữ liệu và chương trình để sử dụng sau này. Chúng cũng có thể truy xuất dữ liệu từ bộ nhớ lưu trữ khi cần.Nhập/ xuất: Máy tính có thể tương tác với người dùng thông qua thiết bị nhập liệu như bàn phím và chuột, và thiết bị xuất liệu như màn hình và máy in.Giao tiếp: Máy tính có thể kết nối với các máy tính và thiết bị khác thông qua các mạng và kênh giao tiếp để chia sẻ dữ liệu và tài nguyên.Tự động hoá:

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Explain about Structure of computer. Explain about Functions of computer.

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Explain about Structure of computer. Explain about Functions of computer.

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•Structure

–The way in which components relate to each other.
All computers are made up of a processor (CPU), memory, and input/output devices.
Each computer receives input from a variety of devices, processes that data with the CPU and memory, and sends results to some form of output.

•Function

–The operation of individual components as part of the structure.
-The way each part of organization process when we request computer doing a work.

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Based on the fundamental working of a computer system, a computer mainly has four basic functions:

Input

Data Processing

Output

Storage

Computer can process the data, analysis it and gives out output.
It is used to make presentations, files,documents, Mark sheets etc.
It is mostly used in hospitals, Airport, banks, institutions and so on. Computers are also used to send document files, presentations etc.
we can also chat through Internet on computer.
computer to is very useful electronic machine.

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What is the distinction between computer structure and computer function?

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What is the distinction between computer structure and computer function?

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Structure is how devices are interrelated, while function is the individual characteristics of each one.
• Structure: The way in which the components are interrelated. • Function: The operation of each individual component as part of the structure