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https://youtu.be/RRGwdfQV8kU

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Theories of language development: Nativist, learning, interactionist | MCAT | Khan Academy

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The output a learner provides is also very important because it gives them the opportunity to process what they are producing and have a better understanding of it. ex: asking for clarification if they have responded incorrectly or in their writting it allows for deeper review.

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The process of give and take s called the negotiation of meaning. meaning is negotiated and since the learner has some control over the conversation, then the native speaker is able to provide better comprehension of the conversation to the learner.

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The key component of language acquisition is that there needs to be natural give and take communications betweens learners and native speakers.

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based on the findings of the children's study, Dulay and Burt, also refuted the hypothesis that the errors learners make are predictable and come from a contrastive analysis of the learners native tongue and the developing language. EX: learners will make connections between similarities in their native tongue versus the language they are trying to learn.

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The Results: the results of the studey regarding children whose first language was Chinese or spanish, compared to native English speakers was that the authors proposed that the ELL construct the rules of the second language in a similar way to which they acquire their first language.

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The innatist perspective gave way to the creative construction theory. In a study, children whose primary language was either Spanish or Chinese, were shown pictures and the scientists recorded their grammatical errors and examined them to see if their errors could be attributed from their native language in comparison to error done by children who are native English speaking.

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The active filter hypothesis states that learners will acquire a language best when they are in a safe low anxiety learning environment, have confidence, a will to learn a new language and have self esteem. students should also be given time where they simply listen in order to understand the language and not simply repeat it over and over.

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The input hypothesis: second language acquisition is the direct result of a learners understanding of the target language through natural communication opportunities. 2 key elements of the input hypothesis is that the natural communication opportunity must be understandable, but also pose a challenge for the learner.

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The natural order hypothesis: language learners acquire the rules of a language in a predictable sequence.

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Monitor hypothesis: If students know the rules to to a language, focus on grammatical form, and have enough time to focus on the language, then a monitor developed which helps them make sure they are using the language correctly. this helps with writing but in order to communicate acquisition must take place.

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The Acquisition/ learning hypothesis focuses on his idea that learning cannot turn into acquisition because to acquire a language and that you must be in communication with fluent speakers in order to let natural language development processes form. In contrast, Learning a language is the process in which you go through in your typical foreign language courses while in school where you have formal teaching.

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Krashen's 5 hypothesis consist of the acquisistion/learing process, the monitor hypothesis, the natural order hypothesis, the input hypothesis, and the affective filter hypothesis.

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https://youtu.be/VvOIbDI2fro

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Behaviorist Theory of Second Language Acquisition

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Scientists believed in order to learn a new language you needed to imitate, repeat, and reinforce grammatical structures.

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This method has been disputed. This method also reminds me of the Muzzy VHS audio tapes where you would watch and listen to the VHS on the TV and then repeat the songs and words they would display on screen.

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Audio lingual method: students are given audio recordings to listen to and memorize, and then practice verb forms and sentence structures. the idea is student learn to listen and speak the language first and then they learn to read and write in that language later.

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Parents and caregivers are important as we saw in the "Nigel" example although mom was carrying most of the conversation, she understood what Nigel was saying and continued to help him by scaffolding. If mom continues to have conversations like these with Nigel, then over time Nigel will get better at creating sentances using adult language.

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scaffolding provides conversational assistance and focused linguistic input. Ex: mom take what child says "Lian ball" and mom could scaffold back with "yes, Lian has a ball" scaffolding hasn't been proven to be necessary but definitely helps.

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Nature and nurture are key components of language aquisition processe; parents and caregivers ARE important.

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Chompsky believes language syntax is acquired through other means not directly from parents or caregivers.

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Children hypothesis (experiment) with grammer when learning a new language and use what they hear from those around them to fine tune their syntax. EX: add s to child and s to man and hear that it is incorrect so then change it to the correct use.

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https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Introduction_to_Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/11%3A_Gender_Stratification_and_Inequality/11.03%3A_Sociological_Perspectives_on_Gender_Stratification/11.3C%3A_The_Interactionist_Perspective

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From a symbolic interactionist perspective, gender is produced and reinforced through daily interactions and the use of symbols.

Learning Objectives

Describe gender from the view of the interactionalist perspective

Key Points

Scholars of interactionism study how individuals act within society and believe that meaning is produced through interactions.

According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for each other, and that these meanings are derived from social interaction.

According to Cooley's concept of the "looking-glass self," an individual's understanding of their gender role is based on how society perceives them. Thus, if society views a man as masculine, he will also perceive himself to be masculine.

"Doing gender" is the notion that masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities. Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are.

Key Terms

femininity: the sum of all attributes that convey (or are perceived to convey) womanhood

masculinity: the degree or property of being masculine or manly; manliness

Charles H. Cooley: an early twentieth century sociologist who developed the idea of the "looking-glass self"

Interactionism

In sociology, interactionism is a theoretical perspective that understands social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) as emerging from human interaction. Scholars of this perspective study how individuals act within society, and believe that meaning is produced through the interactions of individuals. According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for one another. Interactionists believe that these meanings are derived through social interaction, and that these meanings are managed and transformed through an interpretive process that people use to make sense of, and handle, the objects that constitute their social worlds.

Goffman and Control

Social interaction is a face-to-face process that consists of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. The goal of social interaction is to communicate with others. Social interaction includes all language, including body language and mannerisms. Erving Goffman, one of the forefathers of this theoretical perspective, emphasized the importance of control in social interactions. According to Goffman, during an interaction, individuals will attempt to control the behavior of the other participants, in order to attain needed information, and in order to control the perception of one's own image. If the interaction is in danger of ending before an individual wants it to, it can be conserved through several steps. One conversational partner can conform to the expectations of the other, he or she can ignore certain incidents, or he or she can solve apparent problems.

Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic interactionism aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols in human interaction. This is certainly relevant to the discussion of masculinity and femininity, because the characteristics and practices of both are socially constructed, reproduced, and reinforced through daily interactions. Imagine, for example, that you walk into a bank, hoping to get a small loan for school, a home, or a small business venture. If you meet with a male loan officer, you might state your case logically, listing all of the hard numbers that make you a qualified applicant for the loan. This type of approach would appeal to the analytical characteristics typically associated with masculinity. If you meet with a female loan officer, on the other hand, you might make an emotional appeal, by stating your positive social intentions. This type of approach would appeal to the sensitive and relational characteristics typically associated with femininity.

Gender as Performance

The meanings attached to symbols are socially created and fluid, instead of natural and static. Because of this, we act and react to symbols based on their current assigned meanings. Both masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities, in the sense that gender is something we do or perform, not something we are . In response to this phenomena, the sociologist Charles H. Cooley's developed the theory of the "looking-glass self" (1902). In this theory, Cooley argued that an individual's perception of himself or herself is based primarily how society views him or her. In the context of gender, if society perceives a man as masculine, that man will consider himself as masculine. Thus, when people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on the gender role assigned to them, they are said to be doing gender (rather than "being" gender), a notion first coined by West and Zimmerman (1987). West & Zimmerman emphasized that gender is maintained through accountability. Men and women are expected to perform their gender to the point that it is naturalized, and thus, their status depends on their performance.

Confounding Expectation: The woman in this picture blurs the boundaries between the symbols that are traditionally considered masculine or feminine. While she has long hair and is wearing makeup, typically feminine markers, her clothes are much more masculine in nature.

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From a symbolic interactionist perspective, gender is produced and reinforced through daily interactions and the use of symbols. Learning Objectives Describe gender from the view of the interactionalist perspective Scholars of interactionism study how individuals act within society and believe that meaning is produced through interactions.

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https://healthresearchfunding.org/innatist-theory-explained/

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Language is an important method of communication for people. According to Innatist theory, the ability to understand a first-language creates the opportunity to unlock knowledge that a human is believed to be able to process innately. Innatist theory is an idea that has had many pioneers over the decades, but much of the credit for this theory is given to Noam Chomsky.

Chomsky looked at the current theories about behavior in children and found that something was lacking in them. Many arguments suggested that children tend to learn language by imitating those who are close to them, such as their parents. If imitation was truly the foundation of first-language understanding, the Chomsky had an important question to ask.

Why do children often say things that they have never heard before?

To solve this issue, Chomsky formed the foundation of the Innatist theory. He suggests that children are born with a built-in ability to learn a first-language. He refers to this ability as LAD - a "Language Acquisition Device."

Do People Have Built-in Rules for All Human Languages?

Within the Innatist theory, Chomsky suggests that there is a template for learning a first-language. He puts for the idea that everyone is born with a common set of rules that are followed to learn this language. Called "Universal Grammar," this theory suggests that infants can pick up on grammatical language rules as communication occurs around them. Because they hear words spoken in a specific way, they can construct their first-language grammar on their own.

Children then test out their grammar templates as they get older so they can refine their language. A classic example of this testing process occurs when a child is referring to something in the past tense. Many children, when referring to a previous snack or meal, recognize that they were eating. They can also recognize that in English, a past tense of a verb ends with "ed." For this reason, you'll see many young children learning English as a first-language saying that they "eated" something.

Of course, a parent or adult who is fluent in the first-language will correct the grammatical error. "It's not 'eated,' but ate." The child then learns different past-tense grammatical rules to specific words and will become more fluent in their first-language.

This means children, even before they make it to school, are creating sentences that are based on the rules of language so they can speak that language fluently. Schools, when teaching grammatical rules, aren't specifically teaching a "language." They are teaching children how to translate their knowledge of a spoken first-language into a writing-based communication method.

The Idea of Innatism is an Ancient One

Although Chomsky is often credited as a pioneer of Innatist theory, he was far from the first theorist or philosopher to suggest that the human mind has knowledge which is thought to be universal in concept. Innatism is at the foundation of the nature vs nurture debate.

One of the first ideas that could be considered an Innatist theory comes to us from Plato. He suggested that there are concepts which humanity believes to be universally true, but that truth doesn't come from knowledge that is conveyed from one person to another. In "Meno," Plato talks of a situation when Socrates spoke with a boy about geometry. The boy, who had no knowledge of geometric theorems, could answer the questions accurately.

Descartes also suggested that humans have innate knowledge that presents itself in the thoughts that each person forms over the course of their life. Even sensory ideas are shaped by an innate ability or knowledge that is present from birth.

Criticism of Innatist Theory

John Locke is often referenced when criticizing Innatist theory. Locke suggests that there is no universal assent. He suggests that people are born with a blank slate. Their knowledge comes from sensory data that is formed through empirical knowledge that is obtained through observation and inquiry.

Where one person might see no explanation for a statement from a child, Locke suggests that people are collecting information from the moment they are born. This information is retained by the brain and can then be accessed when there is a first-language capability available to them.

What seems innate is instead empirical learning, which would then make Innatist theory irrelevant.

As environments change, new information must be obtained to allow for survival. When an environment is stable, the only information that would be required is that which would be required for survival. Stability would mean that information could be obtained once and then used throughout a lifetime.

How one sees the world will likely depend on how they view Innatist theory. If the world is a place of constants, then Innatist theory makes sense. If the world is ever-changing, then this theory could not apply.

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Language is an important method of communication for people. According to Innatist theory, the ability to understand a first-language creates the opportunity to unlock knowledge that a human is believed to be able to process innately. Innatist theory is an idea that has had many pioneers over the decades, but much of the credit for ...

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https://www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html

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Behaviorism, also known as behavioral learning theory, is a theoretical perspective in psychology that emphasizes the role of learning and observable behaviors in understanding human and animal actions.

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Noam Chomsky: Believed that children are born with a biological language aquisition device (universal grammer) and then fine tune it to their native tounges as they learn from their parents and world around them.

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Noam Chomsky and B.F Skinner get into a heated debate that the behaviorist theory doesn't explain the way children develop language skills because parents reinforce meaning and not grammatical correctness
Ex: parents want their kids to understand and make the connection between a physical ball and the word ball, not using the word ball correctly in a sentence.

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Behaviorist theory doesn't explain why children will say sentences out of order, even though adults don't speak that way. EX: "Cow purple" instead of "the cow is purple"

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Original theorists believe children learn their first languages through stimulus, responses and reinforcement.