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Autonomy refers to respecting a patient's right to make decisions about their own healthcare. In pre-allied health, this means ensuring informed consent and honoring patient choices, even if they differ from professional recommendations. Dilemma example: A patient refuses physical therapy; how do you balance respect for autonomy with beneficence? Key takeaway: Always prioritize patient-centered care while documenting discussions.

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Beneficence involves actions that promote the well-being of patients. Allied health professionals must actively work to benefit patients through treatments and support. Dilemma: Limited resources mean choosing between two patients needing urgent rehab—prioritize based on need or potential outcome? Reference ethical codes like the AOTA Code of Ethics for guidance.

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Non-maleficence means 'do no harm.' This principle requires avoiding unnecessary risks in treatments like imaging or therapy. Example dilemma: A procedure might help but carries infection risk—how to minimize harm? Study tip: Review case studies where harm was prevented through careful assessment.

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Justice ensures fair distribution of healthcare resources and equitable treatment. In allied health, this addresses access disparities. Dilemma: Allocating therapy sessions in a clinic with high demand—should it be first-come, first-served or based on severity? Explore distributive justice models in your studies.

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Obtaining informed consent is crucial but tricky with vulnerable populations like the elderly or those with cognitive impairments. Scenario: A patient with mild dementia refuses rehab; do you involve family? Resolution: Use simple language, assess capacity, and consult ethics committees if needed. From studies: Healthcare pros often consult colleagues to navigate this (PMC article on ethical challenges).

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Maintaining patient privacy is essential, but conflicts arise when safety is at risk. Example: A patient discloses abuse during therapy—break confidentiality to report? Guide: Follow mandatory reporting laws while minimizing disclosure. Tip: Review HIPAA guidelines and role-play scenarios in class.

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In resource-scarce settings, deciding who gets priority care is tough. Dilemma: During a shortage, allocate equipment to a young patient or an elderly one? Framework: Use utilitarian approaches weighing overall benefit. Recent insight: Ethical reviews show stalling or consulting as common responses in ICUs (PMC on info management).

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Allied health roles intersect with palliative care ethics. Scenario: Supporting a family refusing life-prolonging therapy for a terminal patient. Key: Respect autonomy and provide emotional support. Study: Palliative care studies highlight resolution through prior patient discussions.

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Differing cultural beliefs can clash with standard care. Example: A patient rejects blood products due to religion—adapt treatment plan? Approach: Integrate cultural humility; collaborate with cultural liaisons. Resource: BMA ethics toolkit for analyzing such dilemmas.

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Developed by Jonsen, Siegler, and Winslade, this tool analyzes dilemmas via four boxes: Medical Indications, Patient Preferences, Quality of Life, and Contextual Features. Application: In a ventilator allocation case, balance indications with preferences. Why useful: Structures complex ICU decisions (from recent Ethiopian study on ethical dilemmas).

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Focuses on patients' stories to understand values. In pre-allied health, use this for personalized care plans. Example: A patient's life story reveals why they resist therapy—adjust accordingly. Tip: Practice by writing patient narratives in assignments.

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When stuck, consult colleagues, supervisors, or ethics committees. Evidence: Reviews show this as a top response to info management challenges (PMC empirical studies). In practice: Document consultations to support your decisions.

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A diabetic patient skips occupational therapy sessions. Dilemma: Override autonomy or respect choice? Resolution: Educate on risks, explore barriers, and involve multidisciplinary team. Outcome: Improved compliance through trust-building. Source: Inspired by BMA medical student toolkit.

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As a student, you witness a colleague harassing a patient. Ethical issue: Report despite potential backlash? Guide: Prioritize non-maleficence; follow institutional policies. Study: Ethical dilemmas in guidance practice highlight this conflict (Science.gov topics).

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Using telehealth raises data security concerns. Dilemma: Share records across platforms risking breach? Framework: Ensure compliance with privacy laws. Recent: Studies on digital transformation note erosion of trust if mishandled (PMC on healthcare ethics).

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Nurses face distress from ethical conflicts like futile treatments. Example: Continuing care against better judgment. Coping: Seek support, use debriefing. From scoping review: Common in nursing, leading to burnout if unaddressed (PMC on primary care ethics).