# data[].attributes.body
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Treatment. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/treatment#:~:text=Your%20doctor%20may%20recommend%20heart,These%20procedures%20are%20called%20annuloplasty.

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Otto, C. M., & Chen, T. (2024). Medical management of symptomatic aortic stenosis. UpToDate. https://doi.org/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-management-of-symptomatic-aortic-stenosis#H1

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Types of valve disease. Types of Valve Disease Adventist Heart Institute. (2024). https://www.adventistheart.org/valve-disease/types-of-valve-disease/index.html

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Lifestyle Modifications

Monitor right-sided heart function

Manage contributing lung conditions

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Surgical Interventions

We will (rarely) see a valve replacement- typically on congenital cases

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Treatment

Treat underlying pulmonary hypertension

Diuretics for volume overload

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Symptoms

Dyspnea

Fatigue

Peripheral edema

Diastolic murmur at left upper sternal border

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Causes

Pulmonary hypertension (most common)

Congenital heart defects

Post-surgical (e.g., TOF repair)

Endocarditis

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Lifestyle Modifications

Monitor with regular echocardiograms

Avoid significant physical exertion if severe

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Surgical Intervention

Balloon valvuloplasty

Valve replacement if severe

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Treatment

Only really requires medication if RV failure is present

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Symptoms

Fatigue

Cyanosis (in severe cases)

Systolic murmur at left upper sternal border

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Causes

Congenital (most common)

Carcinoid syndrome

Rheumatic disease

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Lifestyle Modifications

Sodium and fluid restriction

Treat contributing conditions

Monitor weight and fluid status

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Surgical Intervention

Tricuspid valve repair

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Treatment

Diuretics

Treat underlying cause

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Symptoms

Fatigue

Peripheral edema

Jugular venous distension

Holosystolic murmur that increases with inspiration

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Causes

Right ventricular dilation (from left-sided heart failure or pulmonary hypertension)

Endocarditis (especially with IV drug use)

Rheumatic disease

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Lifestyle Modifications

Limit sodium

Monitor for fluid retention

Regular follow-ups

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Surgical Intervention

Tricuspid valve repair or replacement

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Treatments

Diuretics

Aldosterone antagonists

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Symptoms

Hepatomegaly

Ascites

Jugular venous distension

Diastolic murmur at lower left sternal border

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Causes

Rheumatic heart disease

Carcinoid syndrome

Congenital defects

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Lifestyle Modifications

Follow up with Cardiologist

Avoid stimulants particularly if prolapse is present

Exercise with caution

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Surgical Intervention

Mitral valve repair or replacement

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Treatments

ACE inhibitors or ARBs

Beta blockers

Diuretics if fluid overloaded

Anticoagulation if A-fib

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Symptoms

Fatigue

Dyspnea

Holosystolic murmur at apex radiating to axilla

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Causes

Mitral valve prolapse

Rheumatic fever

Infective endocarditis

Ischemic heart disease

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Lifestyle Modifications

Sodium restriction

Avoid fluid overload

Monitor for signs of A-fib or heart failure

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Surgical Interventions

Mitral valve repair or replacement

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Treatments

Diuretics

Beta blockers or calcium channel blockers for rate control

Anticoagulation if a-fib is present

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Symptoms

Dyspnea and orthopnea

Fatigue

Hemoptysis (late sign)

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Causes

Rheumatic heart disease (most common)

Congenital

Severe mitral annular calcification

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Lifestyle Modifications

Regularly check echocardiograms

Control blood pressure

Cautiously engage in physical activity

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Surgical Intervention

If symptoms worsen or if the patient develops a drop in their EF, we would consider an aortic valve replacement

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Treatments

Vasodilators such as an ACE inhibitor

Diuretics if needed for volume overload

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Symptoms

Dyspnea on exertion

Palpitations

Wide pulse pressure

Diastolic decrescendo murmur at left sternal border

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Causes

Endocarditis

Marfan Syndrome

Rheumatic fever

Congenital valve defects

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Lifestyle Modifications

Avoid strenuous exercise

Manage hypertension and cholesterol

Monitor symptoms regularly

Avoid dehydration

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Surgical Interventions

Aortic valve replacement (SAVR or TAVR)

Balloon valvuloplasty (Not a "fix" just temporary relief of symptoms)

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Treatments

Beta blockers

Diuretics

Statins

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Causes

Age-related calcific degeneration

Congenital bicuspid aortic valve

Rheumatic heart disease

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Symptoms

Exertional dyspnea

Angina

Syncope