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Read all the articles for the strategy that your group has been allocated. Feel free to broaden your research if you need more information on any of the following questions. 

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Read all the articles for the strategy that your group has been allocated. Feel free to broaden your research if you need more information on any of the following questions. 

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1. Describe the strategy.

2. How does it help to manage and/or improve transport systems?

3. What are its limitations and challenges?

Answer the questions in the google slides: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1UhNqPmnuezSb6yhay-16kBPe3cVyQHUTA6MSHPK2fww/edit?usp=sharing

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Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) is a system used to manage road congestion in Singapore.

At a glance

Understanding ERP

ERP is used to manage road congestion in Singapore. Drivers will incur ERP charges when passing through ERP gantries during its operational hours. To avoid incurring ERP charges, motorists can consider using alternative routes, travelling outside ERP operational hours, or taking public transport instead of driving.

ERP rates are reviewed every quarter and adjusted during the June and December school holidays, based on the traffic conditions at the time.

ERP rates are generally set in half-hour periods.

The time period (0730-0800) means the corresponding ERP rate applies from and including 7.30am and applies until but excluding 8.00am.

The same definition applies to other time periods.

ERP rates are adjusted to keep traffic moving at an optimal speed range of 20-30 kmh on arterial roads and 45-65 kmh on expressways.

The ERP charge you pay depends on:

The type of your vehicle. Bigger vehicle types pay more.

The time you enter the ERP gantry. During peak hours, charges can change every half hour to help spread traffic flow over a longer period.

Check the ERP Rates
ERP operating hours on Sundays, public holidays and eve of major public holidays

There are no ERP charges for Sundays and all public holidays. ERP stops operating at 1 pm on the eve of New Year's Day, Chinese New Year, Hari Raya Puasa, Deepavali and Christmas Day.

Paying ERP charges

All Singapore-registered vehicles must install an IU to drive through operating ERP gantries. If you do not have an IU, there is a penalty of $70.00 for each operating ERP gantry you drive through.

The IU in each vehicle communicates with the ERP gantry to deduct the ERP charge. You can install your IU at any LTA-Authorised Inspection Centre (AIC) at a cost of $155.80. For IU-related issues, you can visit an IU inspection centre.

Each IU comes with a label stating the IU number, you can refer to the pictures below on how the label looks like. Alternatively, you can also check your IU number online.

IUs are covered by a 5-year warranty. You will need to pay for a replacement if your IU becomes faulty after its warranty period, or if the IU label is missing or unreadable.

To learn more about the warranty period of your IU, write to us stating your vehicle number.

Modes of payment

There are 2 ways to pay for ERP charges when you drive through an ERP gantry. You can pay via:
a. Backend payment services
Go Digital! Drive through ERP gantries without having to top up your stored value card.

Sign up for a EZ-Link Motoring Service or Virtual Cashcard account in 3 simple steps to enjoy the convenience of paying your ERP fees instantly via credit/debit card today!

Step 1: Register an account via the website or the mobile app

Step 2: Provide the vehicle no. and NRIC of the vehicle owner

Step 3: Provide credit/debit card information to be used for ERP fees

Upon completion of these 3 steps, you will be notified when your account has been activated. You can then pay ERP fees automatically each time you drive through a gantry.
b. A stored-value card inserted into your IU
The ERP fee is immediately deducted from the card, so ensure that your card (e.g. NETS CashCard or CEPAS Card) has sufficient value. Save the inconvenience of having to make such checks by registering to a backend payment services.

Learn where you can purchase the following stored-value cards:

Perform a self-check that the IU and your stored-value cards are working before you drive,

Ensure your stored-value card is connected by removing and inserting it into the IU. You should hear a ''beep'' and see the value of your card on the IU display.

Check that the value of your stored-value card is sufficient for your route. Check the rates for specific routes.

ERP Violation

If you did not pay your ERP charge due to a defective IU, an expired or improperly inserted stored-value card, or because there was insufficient value in your card, you will receive a notification within a few days after the violation.

You can also check the notification online via digital services.

If you are charged an administrative fee in your ERP violation, you can save $2 by paying for your violation through these digital channels:

To avoid violations due to your stored-value card being expired, improperly inserted or having insufficient value, consider using a backend payment service.
Check your ERP violation notice
ERP for foreign-registered vehicles

For foreign-registered vehicles, the rules for paying ERP differ according to your vehicle type.

If you drive in Singapore without an IU, there is a penalty of $70.00 for each operating ERP gantry you drive through.

ERP rates for your vehicle

Should you encounter any issue with this Interactive Map, please report it to us via the feedback form.

Faulty Traffic Lights

Flash Flood

Heavy Traffic

Major Roadworks

Road Accidents

Vehicle Breakdown

Other Incidents

ERP Rates for June 2023 School Holiday Period

The Land Transport Authority (LTA) has completed its review of Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) rates for the June 2023 school holidays.

ERP rates at the following locations during the specified time periods will be reduced.

Time Period

Current ERP Rates*

ERP Rates** w.e.f. 29 May 2023

*ERP rate per Passenger Car Unit (PCU)
**Rates for other time slots at previously announced gantries remain unchanged

The revised rates will apply from Monday, 29 May 2023 to Sunday, 25 June 2023. These rates will revert to the pre-school holiday charges from Monday, 26 June 2023 onwards. The rates for other gantries will remain unchanged.

Rates for download

The full list of the ERP rates for different vehicle types across all gantries can be found here:

With effect from 26 June 2023

With effect from 29 May 2023

With effect from 3 April 2023

Route Planning

For planning of routes, you may wish to consider using applications developed by companies such as:

Related Information

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Check the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) rates for different roads at specific times of the day.

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Singapore is renowned for its innovative and efficient transportation system, and electronic road pricing (ERP) is one of the key components that make it work.

ERP is a system that charges drivers for using congested roads during peak hours, with the aim of reducing traffic congestion and improving overall road efficiency.

As a driver in Singapore, understanding the ERP system is integral to navigating the city's roadways effectively, avoiding fines, and saving time.

This driving in Singapore guide aims to provide a concise guide to the top 6 facts you need to know about electronic road pricing in Singapore. We will explore the role of ERP, how it works, and the various ways you can pay for it. Additionally, we will discuss frequently asked questions about the system, such as the fines for non-compliance.

1. ERP is an electronic toll system, not a tax.

Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) is a sophisticated electronic toll system introduced in Singapore in 1998 with the aim of reducing road congestion during peak hours. This system does not replace the traditional road tax, but instead charges road users a fee (currently from $0.5 to $6.0 per gantry) based on the electronic gantries they drive through and the time of day. So, the ERP system is designed to encourage drivers to avoid congested areas during peak hours, thus reducing traffic and improving travel times for arterial roads and expressways.

The ERP charges are automatically deducted from an in-vehicle unit (IU) that is installed in the vehicle, making it a seamless process for road users. ERP charges are reviewed and adjusted periodically based on the traffic conditions around individual gantries.

ERP has been successful in managing the traffic flow in the city-state and has since been expanded to cover more arterial roads and expressways, making it part of the comprehensive solution to road congestion in Singapore.

Undoutfully, ERP also slightly increases the cost of car ownership in Singapore, although it is marginal compared to COE.

2. ERP charges are time-dependent.

ERP charges are calculated based on the time of day (and the location). The charges vary with the timing, usually in a 30-min block with a 5~10 minutes transition.

There are no ERP charges on Sundays and all public holidays. ERP gantries stop operating at 1 pm on the eve of New Year's Day, Chinese New Year, Hari Raya Puasa, Deepavali, and Christmas Day, as well.

Each gantry has its own operating hours:

From 22:30 to 7:00 am, ERP free. No ERP gantries operate during this period.

Currently, from 10 to 17:30, it is also ERP-free.

Most ERP gantries operate only in one shift: morning (7:00-10:00) or evening (17:30-22:30),

In the same shift (morning or evening), the operating time varies from gantry to gantry. For example, some ERP gantries start to collect money at 7 am. Some may start at 8 am. Some may stop operating at 9 am, and some may work harder till 10:30 am.

During school holidays (June/December), ERP charges will reduce in most gantries.

3. Not all ERP gantries are equal.

Because the ERP system was designed to impose charges on vehicles passing through high-demand areas during peak hours, the charges vary with the level of congestion on the specific section of the road.

Most of the ERP gantries are currently not operating. After COVID-19, only gantries leading to expressways are currently operational.

CTE (Central Expressway) is the "most" expensive road to drive.

With the recovery of economic activities, more ERP gantries will very likely resume the money collection activity.

LTA ( Land Transport Authority) regularly reviews and adjusts the price for each gantry and each time slot, mainly based on the monitored moving speed of the car through the gantry at the specific time period.

4. You can pay ERP charges in two ways.

One of the advantages of the ERP system is its flexibility in terms of payment methods. Motorists can choose to pay for ERP charges with one of the two methods:

1. Balances of the card (including NETS CashCard, NETS Motoring Card, EZ-Link Motoring Card, and some CEPAS-compliant EZ-Link cards) in the IU in your car.

2. Backend (backup) payments if the card's balance in the IU is insufficient. You need to sign up for the EZ-Link Motoring Service (free and automatic, but for DBS or Citi Bank debit/credit cards only) or Virtual CashCard (free automatic top-up with DBS or UOB credit/debit cards).

Please do not confuse EZ-Link Motoring Card (a stored-value card, physical)with EZ-Link Motoring Service (automatic payment service through your credit/debit card).

It is a traffic offense if you fail to pay the ERP at the gantry.

5. You must pay the admin fee ($10) or even fines ($70) if you fail to pay for it.

If you fail to pay ERP charges at the gantry for whatever reasons (e.g., a malfunctioned IU, an improperly inserted stored-value card, or insufficient value in the card), you will receive an ERP Violation Notice letter.

At this stage, you need to pay the ERP charge plus the $10 admin fee.

You should settle the payment as soon as possible. The government also gives you a 10% ($2) discount for the admin fee if you pay online (e.g., One Motoring, AXS stations, SAM Kiosks, ATM, or Internet banking).

If you fail to pay within 2 weeks, the government will slap you with a $70 fine.

If you fail to pay within 4 weeks, LTA may want to see you in court.

Anyway, you should settle the payment as early as possible. LTA never loses any cases in the court for such cases. Do not try your luck.

6. Malaysia-registered cars can choose to pay a flat ERP charge at$5 per day.

If you drive a Malaysia-registered car without an in-vehicle unit (IU), you will need to pay a flat fee of $5/day if you pass any ERP gantries when they are collecting money from the others. The money will be deducted from the Autopass card when the car is exiting Singapore.

Of course, you can choose to install or rent the IU to pay the same ERP charge as Singapore cars. You cannot use Autocard in the IU. Instead, you need to get a NETS CashCard, NETS Motoring Card, or EZ-Link Motoring Card. It works similarly to Touch N Go cards.

Please note there are some restrictions on driving a Malaysia-registered car in Singapore, as explained in this guide (coming soon). It is different from driving a Singapore car in Malaysia.

Do you have any questions about Singapore ERP (Electronic Road Pricing)?

If you have any questions about ERP in Singapore, please let us know in the comment box below.

The community will help you.

For questions on buying a car in Singapore, please check the Singapore car ownership guides page.

For questions on driving a car in Singapore, please check Singapore driving guides page.

For maintaining and servicing your car in Singapore, please check the Singapore car maintenance guides page.

For driving from Singapore to Malaysia, please check Dring to Malaysia guides page.

You can also reach us through:

Safe driving! Happy driving!

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Singapore ERP (Electronic Road Pricing): 6 Facts You Need to Know

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The guide provides a concise guide to the top 6 facts you need to know about ERP (electronic road pricing) in Singapore.

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Car-lite areas: What do they mean for Singapore?

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In the latest push to campaign Singapore’s efforts towards cultivating a car-lite society, the LTA has gazetted six more areas as car-lite.

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To make Singapore a great city to live, work and play.

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Public car park fees to rise by 20% from Dec 1

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It will cost 20 per cent more to park your car at public car parks from Dec 1, with half-hourly rates increased to 60 cents for white lots and S$1.20 for the yellow lots in the restricted zones.

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LTMP 2040 charts out the long-term vision, policies and targets that shape our land transport system to 2040, and possibly beyond. Together, we can look forward to:

1. A transport network that is convenient, well-connected and fast;

2. A transport ecosystem characterised by gracious behaviour and inclusive infrastructure; and

3. A transport environment that supports healthy lives and enables safer journeys.

LTMP 2040 is a shared journey and experience. During the course of developing LTMP2040, over 7,400 Singaporeans shared their views and aspirations for our land transport system. The LTMP Advisory Panel considered your valuable inputs in making their recommendations to refresh our vision, policies and targets.

As we implement LTMP 2040, there will be challenges to overcome. We will keep open multiple channels for you to reach out to us, to provide feedback or share ideas. We encourage community and industry stakeholders to partner us to deliver fresh and innovative solutions.

We thank you for your strong support and look forward to partnering you on this journey towards 2040!

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Workspaces near home, vibrant CBD, flexible land use among strategies for S’pore’s future

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Using underground space, tapping vertical spaces for farms and solar panels among URA’s proposals at public dialogue.
. Read more at straitstimes.com.

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LTA | An Inclusive Public Transport System

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Singapore’s transport infrastructure gets more features to support people with disabilities

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These include audio announcements on buses to inform visually impaired passengers of the next stop. Read more at straitstimes.com.

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7 bus interchanges to have more family-friendly and inclusive features

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Across the island, over a 160km network of expressways and road tunnels, hundreds of gadgets, sensors and cameras gather data on traffic flow, travelling times and road demand to give you the information that helps you make decisions on how you get to places.

Collectively called the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), this web of data collection technologies forms a dynamic, real-time picture of the ebb and flow of a population moving through their daily lives. ITS uses the sensors, traffic and control systems, and data analytics, to maximise road network efficiency capacity, monitor and manage traffic flow, and make our roads safer.

The vision, key strategies and focal areas of ITS is set out in the Smart Mobility 2030 (PDF, 11.6mb) master plan, a roadmap jointly developed by LTA and the Intelligent Transportation Society. The goal of this plan is to meet transport challenges in a systematic and coordinated manner for smarter urban mobility in the future.

Integrated, Real-Time Traffic Information

i-Transport

At the heart of all the ITS is the i-Transport. All of ITS data is connected to i-Transport which is an integrated and unified platform, that which makes sense of and disseminates the information for traffic monitoring and incident management in the ITS Operations Control Centre. An intelligent and large scale back-end transportation system, it fully integrates existing ITS while allowing for expansion to include new ones. i-Transport also possesses the capability to fuse the collected raw traffic data from the ground sensors and transform them into relevant traffic information to be used for traffic analysis and planning, and to better inform transport policies.

ITS Operations Control Centre (OCC)
Working 24/7 to help maintain smooth traffic, the ITS OCC monitors traffic and manages incidents on our expressways and road tunnels via the i-Transport and various ITS. The OCC deploys ground recovery crew and traffic marshals to assist motorists in distress, and works closely with agencies such as the Singapore Police Force and Singapore Civil Defence Force to recover incidents as quickly as possible.

LTA then shares real-time traffic information with the public to help motorists make informed travel decisions. These include:

Traffic messages and estimated travel time on expressways displayed on Expressway Monitoring and Advisory System (EMAS) electronic signboards located along the expressways and major arterial roads;

Traffic information on traffic incidents, road closures, road works, indicative traffic speeds and ERP rates, which motorists can find at

Webcam images at strategic locations along expressways;

Parking Guidance System on carpark lot availability for major shopping malls in the Marina Centre, Orchard and HarbourFront areas.

In addition, LTA shares real-time traffic with the industry at LTA Data Mall. Find out more about the various systems below.

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Across the island, over a 160km network of expressways and road tunnels, hundreds of gadgets, sensors and cameras gather data on traffic flow, travelling times and road demand to give you the information that helps you make decisions on how you get to places.

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Tomorrow.City - The biggest platform about urban innovation

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Why, two decades on, Singapore’s Intelligent Transport System is considered the best in the world - Tomorrow.City - The biggest platform about urban innovation

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Singapore aims to ramp up autonomous vehicle use to boost public transport network

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It is a key plank of Acting Transport Minister Jeffrey Siow’s plan to make public transit more attractive. Read more at straitstimes.com. Read more at straitstimes.com.

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For Koh Jie Ming, the decision to switch to an electric vehicle five years ago was easy - there were significant savings to be had. But there were no EV chargers in the shared car park in his public housing estate, so he had to improvise.

"There were some fast chargers near my home, so I would charge my car while I had a meal or shopped," Koh, 33, who drove for a ride-hailing firm then, told Rest of World.

To ease the transition for drivers like Koh, and convince more of the country's more than half a million car owners to switch to EVs, Singapore plans to install 60,000 charging points by 2030, including 40,000 in public car parks. That works out to an EV to charger ratio of about 5-to-1, putting the country in the lead for charging infrastructure in Southeast Asia. It also puts Singapore ahead of the global average ratio of 10-to-1, and 7-to-1 in China, the top market for EVs.

Singapore has vowed to reduce its land transport emissions to help reach its goal of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Authorities have said they will end sales of new cars with internal combustion engines from 2030, with plans to phase them out entirely by 2040. Having adequate chargers - alongside lowering the cost of buying and owning an EV - is critical to this plan.

Inadequate EV charging stations are a problem in many countries, particularly in Singapore, where about 80% of the population lives in high-rise public housing with multi-story car parks, Muhammad Rafey Khan, an analyst at consultancy Power Technology Research, told Rest of World. "This is relatively complex when compared to countries where there are houses with separate garages and parking spaces, and they can privately install chargers," he said.

But the government has a plan. The aim is for every car park owned by the Housing Development Board (HDB), Singapore's public housing agency, to "be EV-ready by 2025," according to the Land Transport Authority (LTA). Around 700 HDB residential car parks - one in every three - now have EV chargers.

Some 6,200 chargers have been installed across the island - more than half of which are publicly available at locations including car parks, gas stations, and shopping malls. To widen access, authorities want every one of the more than 2,000 car parks under the HDB to have EV chargers by next year.

Not all chargers installed across Singapore will be slow. While "overnight slow charging will continue to be the predominant charging strategy for most vehicles, high-powered fast chargers will be needed to meet the needs of certain segments of high-mileage EVs such as taxis or commercial vehicle fleets" that may need a midday top-up, the LTA said.

The fast chargers, rated at up to 120 kilowatts, take around an hour to fully charge a vehicle. About 120 will be deployed in 60 public housing estates and industrial zones across the country by 2025; the existing fast chargers are largely located in malls and office complexes, according to the LTA.

Under an agreement signed last month with Chinese tech giant Huawei, the LTA will also install some ultrafast chargers, which can charge EVs 10 times quicker than most existing fast chargers in Singapore. Rated at 480kW, these are touted as the fastest EV chargers in the region, and can fully charge a vehicle in 30 minutes. In comparison, regular chargers can take six to eight hours, and the 50kW fast chargers need about an hour.

The fully liquid-cooled ultrafast chargers are a "potential game changer," Derek Tan, chief executive of EVe, a unit of the LTA that is setting up the public charging infrastructure, told Rest of World. Especially for drivers of taxis, private hire vehicles, and light goods vehicles, "we can help [them] save even more time," Tan said.

But even ultrafast chargers may not be enough to convert all drivers in Singapore. While the government has urged car owners to switch to EVs, that initiative is butting up against long-standing policies to discourage people from having private vehicles at all.

"They are selling sustainability but it's actually more expensive to be sustainable."

Simply owning a car in Singapore requires a costly certificate of entitlement as part of a quota system to limit the number of vehicles on the road. A 10-year certificate can cost as much as 100,000 Singapore dollars ($75,000) for a regular sedan, depending on engine capacity. That's not counting the cost of the car itself, plus taxes and import duties, making Singapore the most expensive country in the world to be a car owner.

Despite savings on gas and generous EV rebates, the cost of maintaining an EV is higher than other cars, drivers in Singapore told Rest of World. They pointed to higher road tax rates and insurance premiums, and said that EVs had lower resale value given the limited battery life.

"They are selling sustainability but it's actually more expensive to be sustainable," Wong Jun Heng, 45, told Rest of World. "I don't see people adopting fully electric vehicles to an extent that will justify this infrastructure investment unless you fix the cost."

The cost of charging an EV is also likely to rise after changes to licensing and registration requirements for commercial charging service providers.

Hybrid and fully electric vehicles made up nearly two-thirds of all cars registered in Singapore last year. EVs made up just under a fifth of the total. With new registrations for gas-powered vehicles set to be scrapped six years from now, that number will rise, especially with the launch of more affordable EV models.

At the same time, Singapore aims to use mass public transport for 75% of peak-time commutes by 2030. Half the country's bus fleet is also expected to be electrified by then, according to the LTA. EV owners hoping for more incentives from the government are likely to be disappointed. "We are committed to building a comprehensive and accessible charging network for EV drivers ... [but] we remain committed to promoting [walking, cycling, and public transport] as the most sustainable travel mode," an LTA spokesperson told Rest of World.

For Wong, who has a hybrid car, owning a vehicle is a necessity as he regularly ferries his aged parents and grandmother around. But he won't be switching to an EV just yet. "Money-wise, it just doesn't make sense now," he said.

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Singapore's EV challenge: High prices and high-rises

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The country's new EV push is clashing with long-standing policies to discourage car ownership in general.

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LTA | Strengthening Singapore’s Electric Vehicle Ecosystem to Reduce Land Transport Emissions

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Incentives to Accelerate Adoption of Electric Heavy Vehicles and Extension of Grant for Electric Vehicle Chargers at Private Residential Premises

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Tara n frens

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Janelle.com