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-A high ranking government official

I met a syndic at the bank yesterday; he was detailing a loan with a client.

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Immutable - unchanging over time or unable to be changed

"Destiny was too potent, and her immutable laws had decreed my utter and terrible destruction." (Shelly 27)

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In the novel Frankenstein, on the last page of chapter two, the stranger is detailing his past to Robert. His estranged relationship with "fake" science, to him, "...was a strong effort of the spirit of good; but it was inefectual. Destiny was to potent, and her immutable laws had decreed my utter and terrible destruction" (Shelly, 27). This, while being a supernatural element of gothic literature, also displays the motif of rescue. The "spirit" attempts to draw him away from his own tragic downfall, or feminine personified fate. This is implemented to highlight the strangers position and inability to retract himself from a predetermined path of woe regardless of divine intervention. Due to the foreshadowed "destruction," how will Victor be called back to the science he gave up on?

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Uncouth - A person or their appearance or behavior lacking good manners, refinement, or grace.

"He was an uncouth man, but deeply embued in the secrets of his science" (Shelly 31).

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Cherub - a winged angelic being described in biblical tradition as attending on God. It is represented in ancient Middle Eastern art as a lion or bull with eagles' wings and a human face, and regarded in traditional Christian angelology as an angel of the second highest order of the ninefold celestial hierarchy.

"When my father returned from Milan, he found playing with me in the hall of our villa a child fairer than pictured cherub-" (Shelley 21).

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In Frankenstein, Victor recalls a memory of witnessing lightning strike a tree in a "violent and terrible" (Shelley 26) storm. This memory inspired Victor to take up mathematics and more true sciences, rather than social sciences, and become obsessed with the idea of creating life. This connects it to the motif of dangerous knowledge, as this discovery leads Victor to the disheveled and ruined state he is in. The instance is also metaphor and foreshadowing regarding the overall gloom and horror of the novel, fulfilling the eighth element of a graphic novel, in which something represents something mysterious or sinister. If Victor hadn't witnessed the storm and lightning strike, do you believe that he would've winded up where he was or was his fate inevitable?

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In Frankenstein chapter 4, Victor talks about how he is "[i]n a solitary chamber, or rather cell, at the top of the house" (Shelley 40), which relates to the Gothic element of setting in a creepy building. This top level of the house is a creepy spot for him to reside and work on his experiments. I believe this is foreshadowing of him starting to slip into a demented states and start to make his creations come to life. This also follows the motif of isolation due to him separating himself from his friends, family, professors, and fellow students at the school. This isolation could lead to him being crazed and alone, leading to an obsession with his dead mother and sick sister.

Considering the fact that he has essentially isolated himself from the world, do you think this will cause him to show signs of psychiatric patients and attack the people that are close to him and trying to help him?

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In Frankestein, Victor becomes obsessed with the education of science and the human frame which connects to the motif of isolation. Shelley declares, " In a solitary chamber, or rather cell, at the top of the house, and separated from all the other apartments by a gallery of stairs, I kept my workshop of filthy creation: my eyeballs were starting from their sockets in attending to the details of my employment" (Shelley 40). Victor secludes himself from his family and friends with trying to bring the dead back to life and relates to the Gothic novel of athmosphere of mystery and suspense because the mood with creepy body parts provide a anxious atmosphere.

Without the 2 professors from the university, would Victor's obsession be as extreme? Explain.

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"Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world. A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs" (Shelly 40).

In the quote, Victor is realizing that he has a lot more power than he thinks. He realizes that he can create life and use it to make more beings. The quote helps amplify the motif of Hubris because this significant event will only fuel his arrogance even more, potentially leading to his downfall. There is an intense passion in Victor to continue to discover new scientific things, which relates to the Gothic Romantisism trait of being intensely passionate about things which eventually lead to his downfall. Do you think chapter 4 marks a shift in Victor?

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Infallibly - Infallibly means doing something without the possibility of error, failure, or mistake; it implies absolute certainty and dependability.

"A mind of moderate capacity which closely pursues one study must infallibly arrive at great proficiency in that study" (Shelly 36).

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In Frankenstein, Victor's idyllic childhood in Geneva is introduced, along with his obsession of nature and philosophy. He has desires to learn about heaven and earth, highlighting his obsessive nature. Shelly states, "I knew well that I was engrossed in my occupation, I did not watch the blossom or the expanding leaves—sights which before always yielded me supreme delight, so deeply was I engrossed in my occupation" (Shelly 33). Seeing this quote has insight on Victor's train of thought. Victor then creates something that he finds terribly terrifying, causing a sense of regret in his actions. Do you think chapter 4 causes Victor to dwell on his obsession?

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" He bitterly deplored the false pride which led his friend to conduct so little worthy of the affection that united them." ( Shelley 17)

Definition- feel or express strong disapproval of (something).

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The definition of Inclemency is severe, rough, harsh, or stormy, or the quality of weather being severe or tempestuous.

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In the science-fiction Frankenstein, Mary Shelley portrays a unique writing style of Walton writing a manuscript of Victor's lesson, in which Victor reveals a his supernatural findings of being "capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter." (Shelley, 38). As remarkable as Victor's scientific discovery is towards his finding, his ability portrays a specific element of a Gothic novel being supernatural events. Victor's unique ablility to reanimate corpses is a vital component in the creation of Frankenstein being a Gothic novel full of tragedy, suspense, eeriness to his madness. However, Victor's ability in turn is dangerous as he forebodes to Walton, "I will not lead you on, unguarded and ardent as I then was, to the destruction and infallible misery." (Shelley, 39). Victor warns Walton of the immense power reanimation can grant but, foreshadows the cost in how dangerous the knowledge is of reanimation. Dangerous knowledge is a motif followed throughout the novel as Victor relents and references to his demise in pursuit for knowledge far beyond the human capacity. Victor's reluctance follows how the pride and the greed to pursue greatness in haste can result in the ignorance of the knowledge he possessed by seeking success through arrogance. What changes could have been made to prevent Victor from making the mistakes, he has made? Do you believe the changes would have made a difference to Victor's fate?

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In Frankenstein chapter 5, Victor is said to go into a fit of anxiety and overstimulation. This is indicated when Shelley writes, "[i]t was not joy only that possessed me; I felt my flesh tingle with excess of sensitiveness, and my pulse beat rapidly. I was unable to remain for a single instant in the same place; I jumped over the chairs, clapped my hands, and laughed aloud" (47), which shows the Gothic element of high, overwrought emotion. This nervousness is caused by his realization of what he has done and how it could affect his best friend, Clerval, who has come to visit from their hometown of Geneva. This throws Victor into a fit of sickness. I believe this follows the motif of responsibility due to the knowledge that Victor holds with the information of the monster possibly being in the same house with him and Clerval. The responsibility was too overwhelming for him, and this is why he fell into a spiral of "disturbed imagination" (48).

Even though Clerval was being kind enough to take care of Victor and protect his family from the information of Victor not being well, do you think Victor would have turned on him in his confusion and "sick" the monster on him, or could it lead to Victor wanting to protect Clerval if the monster were to attack? (If his sickness continued).

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Tumult - a loud, confused noise, especially one caused by a large mass of people.

"At length lassitude succeeded to the tumult I had before endured; and I threw myself on the bed in the clothes, endeavoring to seek a few moments of forgetfulness" (43).

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In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, she explores Victor's fear and disgust regarding his creature in his dream following the creation. It reveals his complex attitudes towards and obsession with life and death, stemming from his own mother's passing. Elizabeth became "livid with the hue of death" (Shelley 44) and became his mother's corpse. The dream showcases a women in distress or need of some sort of help, as Victor's mother remains dead and unable to be saved. This reinforces the fact that while Victor succeeded in reanimation of the dead, he did not succeed in finding a way to bring back his mother. The dream greatly connects to the motif of rescuing of women. How does the parallel structure between the dream and the creation add to this?

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In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Victor's fear and disgust is detailed through syntax and allusion of the monster's being. Victor "had gazed on him while unfinished; he was ugly then, but when those muscles and joints were rendered capable of motion, it became a thing such even as Dante could not have conceived" (Shelley 44). The pronoun shift aligns with the motif of text and language. When referring to his own being of creation, Frankenstein verbalizes his hesitancy to mention its being as a man due to its origin and eerie appearance. The manner in which he refers to the creature further displays the third division of Monster Culture Theory, representing his fear of his creation being different from the typical standards of humanity. Mary Shelley also alludes to Dante's Inferno to further dehumanize and enforce the idea that the monster is of hellish descent. What change in the monster's appearance, other than his eyes, would have made Victor proud of his creation?

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Atmosphere of mystery or suspense -  Responsibility

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Atmosphere of mystery or suspense -  Responsibility

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In the science-fiction novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley asserts a shocking feeling of suspense by revealing that The Monster found a way to Geneva and ran away from Victor in the night. When Victor discovers The Monster it is thundering and he describes in his mess of emotions, "I thought of pursuing the devil; but... for another flash discovered him to me hanging among the rocks of the nearly perpendicular ascent of Mont Saleve..." which creates an ominous connotation in the novel for The Monster disappears after climbing the mountain. (Shelley 63). Due to The Monster appeared in Geneva, Victor accuses The Monster for killing his brother, William Frankenstein. Victor feels the undeniable grief that he was the one responsible for his brother's murder because he created The Monster which correlates with the motif of responsibility portrayed throughout the novel. Victor believes there is no other one responsible, but himself and The Monster he created as he was the one that brought such a beast to life. However, in later chapters, Victor fails to take responsibility because he believes that no would believe him and he does not want the consequence of the murdering of his brother.

Do you believe that if Victor had taken time to find his monster that he would have been the one to die or would there have been a different outcome?

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The quote connects to the motif of Dangerous Knowledge. The creature Victor created eventually leads to the death of his brother because the creature went rogue. The knowledge Victor possesses is highly dangerous and he is beginning to realize that.

Question: If the book was rewritten and Victor confessed that his creature killed his brother, do you think Elizabeth would've believed him?

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In frankenstien chapter 7 by Mary Shelley, Victor experiences an aggressive storm outside the gates of his brother death. This anger connects to the gothic novel idea of metonymy of gloom and horror because his emotions have some correlation towards the weather as he grieves from his dead brother. Shelley states, " While I watched the tempest, so beautiful yet terrific, I wandered on with a hasty step. This noble war in the sky elevated my spirits; I clasped my hands, and exclaimed aloud, 'William, my ear angel! this is thy funeral, this is thy dirge!'" (Shelley 62). This livid feeling towards his brother's murderer connects to the motif of nature from the enraged storm of the murder. The lightening factor plays into the suspense from Victor's fear of the monster in the back of his head. If victor knew his creature was going to be so ugly, why did he fear it and was in disgust with his own creature?

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Aiguilles - a sharp pinnacle of rock in a mountain range.

"Mont Blanc, the supreme and magnificent Mont Blanc, raised itself from the surrounding aiguilles, and its tremendous dome overlooked the valley" (82).

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"On the third day my mother sickened; her fever was accompanied by the most alarming symptoms, and the looks of her medical attendants prognosticated the worst event" (Shelley 28).

Prognosticated: to foretell or prophesy a future event

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"I wrote, and this exertion greatly fatigued me; but my convalescence had commenced, and proceeded to regularly" (Shelley 53).

Convalescence: time spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment

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In Frankenstein, chapter 10, Mary Shelley implements the fourth adaptation of Monster Culture Theory, "The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference". Victor assumes he "is justified" in hating his creation because he believes it has murdered his younger brother William. This causes him to not view the creature as "Adam; but... rather the fallen angel, who [Victor] drivest from joy for no misdeed" (Shelley 87). This allusion to Christianity summarizes Victor's prior arrogance to creation, displaying the motif of hubris. Frankenstein wished to be viewed as a God like figure, which is now being revisited, but in a negative contrast to the original goal. The creation highlights Victor's destain toward him, unlike the first creation of man "Adam." He then further dehumanizes himself in his self-comparison to the "fallen angel," the devil, or Lucifer. How does nature connect Victor to his creature regardless of his hatred for him?

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state or assert to be the case.

"I took their word for all that they averred, and I became their disciple" (Shelley 25).

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"The ascent is precipitous, but the path is cut into continual and short windings, which enable you to surmount the pendicularity of the mountain" (Shelley 84).

Precipitous: dangerously high or steep

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state or assert to be the case.

"I took their word for all that they averred, and I became their disciple" (Shelley 25).

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having luster; shining.

"His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun-white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips" (Shelley 43).

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In Mary Shelley's novel, Frankenstein, Victor frequently foreshadows his downfall in the beginning chapters when relating his story to Robert Walton, creating a sense of suspense, a common characteristic of a Gothic Novel. He begins his story to Walton with describing how he grew up, and his scientific inspirations through young-adulthood. He postulates that if he never were to be inspired by natural philosophy, he would've "never received the fatal impulse that led to [his] ruin" (Shelley 25). If it weren't for his passionate pursuit of dangerous knowledge, a motif throughout the novel, he may have had a better outcome in life.

Was Victor's fate determined in his earlier years when he first took an interest in science or when he was inspired again in college to pursue it more heavily? Why?

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1. 1.

(in ancient Greek belief) a divinity or supernatural being of a nature between gods and humans.

2. 2.

archaic spelling of demon ¹.

"But I was enchanted by the appearance of the hut; here the snow and rain could not penetrate; the ground was dry; and it presented to me then as exquisite and divine a retreat as Pandæmonium appeared to the dæmons of hell after their sufferings in the lake of fire"(Shelley 93).

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In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Victor explains the sharp guilt and regret he feels for creating the monster that supposedly killed his brother as "fangs of remorse" that stuck in his chest, "and would not forego their hold" (Shelley 71). Victor describes the pain from this feeling of responsibility, a motif throughout the novel, to show Robert Walton just how much his actions weighed on him. A common characteristic of a Gothic Novel, like Frankenstein, is high, overwrought emotions such as sorrow or anger. Victor is undeniably overwhelmed with the emotions attached to his brother and Justine's death, and the sense that he caused it.

How would the monster have known where to find Victor's home and brother?

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In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Victor poses a rhetorical question to Walton, but mainly towards himself, pondering if he should flee his family, leaving them "exposed and unprotected to the malice of the fiend whom I had let loose among them" (Shelley 78). He wants to run away from his problems, namely the monster, but he feels a sense of responsibility, a common motif throughout the novel, to be there for his family, especially since he was the one who created the problem in the first place. Furthermore, Victor's question connects to theses two of Monster Culture Theory, stating that the monster always escapes, usually to return and cause chaos.

Would you leave your family in this situation or would you stay? Why?

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In chapter 12 of Frankenstein, The Monster talks about how he has dreamed of revealing himself to the cottage family he's been spying on. The Monster states that he, "formed in [his] imagination a thousand pictures of presenting [himself] to them, and their reception of [him]" (103), which shows the Gothic element of prophecies and omens because the monster is trying to predict how the family will react to him revealing himself . He predicts that the family will be frightened of him at first, but will soon get to know him as the intelligent and gentle creature that he is. We don't know how this plays out yet because the monster is too scared to find out the truth of what will happen after what happened last time he showed his face to a village. I believe this follows the motif of rescue due to the monster trying to rescue himself from the emotional overload that could come with the reveal. The thought of it was traumatizing and he wanted to save himself from the pain.

How do you think the family will react once and if the monster ultimately decides to show himself to the cottage family and try to live among people?

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Acting or down quickly and without thought or a care. "Ruined castles hanging on the precipes of piny mountains; the impetuous Arve, and cottages every here and there peeping forth among the trees, formed a scene of singular beauty.

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In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, she demonstrates the concept of monsters representing the gates of difference, as The Creature is physically separated from the family he's observing, emphasizing their differences and that monster and man can never truly live in harmony. While the impossibility of union is highlighted, the similarities between the two parties are shown as well. The Creature "longed to join them, but dared not" (Shelley 98), as he begins to understand and sympathize with the family. The relationship, or the Creature's concept of a relationship with the family, strengthens, and he "brought home firing" (Shelley 99) and performed other chores in secret for the family, leading them to believe the help was coming from "good spirit" (Shelley 102). The contrast of the appreciation both feel for the other, whether they understand what is happening or not, and the lack of connection and the physical separation reiterates the belief that no matter how human The Creature becomes, he will never be accepted by humanity. This concept connects to the motif of isolation, both in a physical literal sense, trapped behind their house, and in a figurative sense, as he'd never be able to join them or any other people he finds.

Do you believe it is ever possible for The Creature to be accepted by a community? Why or why not?

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The animals were causing a pandemonium.

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pan·de·mo·ni·um ˌpandəˈmōnēəm noun wild and noisy disorder or confusion; uproar.

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His phraseology was not one of which I ever heard.

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pan·de·mo·ni·um ˌpandəˈmōnēəm noun wild and noisy disorder or confusion; uproar.-2

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"Cursed be the day, abhorred devil, in which you first saw light! Cursed be the hands that formed you! You have made me wretched beyond expression" (Shelley 88).

The high overwrought emotions expressed by Victor highlights the Gothic Romanticism genre. Victor is upset and frustrated at the monster that he created because he killed his brother. It's ironic in a way because Victor was the one who created the monster who killed his brother, yet he blames the monster for murder. This highlights the motif Hubris because Victor remains stuck up and blames others for his faults. How do you think the monster is feeling through this chapter when he's telling his story?

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In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley implies the Gothic novel of metonymy of gloom because of the emotions Victor is feeling through this situation of guilt is prtotrayed in the mountain. Shelley declares, "It is a scene terrifically desolate. In a thousands spots the traces of the winter avalanche may be perceived, where trees lie broken and strewed on the ground; some entirely destroyed, other bent, leaning upon the jutting rocks of the mountain, or transversely upon the other trees (Shelley 84). This creation of broken branches, and deformed rocks demonstrates Victor's shattered personal morals since the creation of monster has caused 2 deaths and he is responisble for them. The motif of nature connects because the forest symbolizes his crushing state of guilt and shame.

How does Victor's first reaction to the monster on the mountain differ from when he sees the monster's behavior and communication?

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"The time at length arrives, when grief is a rather indulgence than a necessity..) page 29

indulgence means the action or fact of indulging.

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In Frankenstein, Victor's curiosity with heaven and earth became a obsession. In his early childhood he continues to talk about it. Like in chapter 2 he says, " "It was the secrets of heaven and earth that I desired to learn." ( Shelley, 23) He talks about his obsession with this and even later reflects on nature how it makes him curious about this.

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Murder is a flagrant act.

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In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, the Creature experiences high, overwrought emotions, a common occurrence of a Gothic Novel, in his descent into spite and contempt for the human race. He observes the family feeling "serene and peaceful" (Shelley 118), as he becomes "every day more tumultuous" (Shelley 118) in his understanding of the world. He is learning the impossibility of unity between himself and humanity, despite his inherent intelligence and understanding of people. The more he reads, observes, and studies it becomes "more clearly what a wretched outcast [he] was" (Shelley 118), relating to the motif of the dangerous pursuit of knowledge. While he is learning valuable information about the world and people around him, he becomes increasingly unhappy, resentful, and ultimately drives him to his violent actions.

If the Creature hadn't educated himself in many subjects and learnt how to communicate, would he be better off than he is?

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Divulged - make known (private or sensitive information)

"A few days after, the Turk entered his daughters apartment, and told her hastily that he had no reason to believe that his residence at Leghorn had been divulged..." (114).

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Wantonly: in a deliberate and unprovoked way.

"Why, in that instant, did I not extinguish the spark of existence which you had so wantonly bestowed?" (Shelley 124)

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In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein the creation, when detailing his life, explains to Victor why he killed William. Victor "... would not call it murder if [he] could precipitate [the creature] into one of those ice rifts... destroy [his] frame... Shall [the monster] respect man when [they] [contemn him]" (Shelley 133)? This verbalizes the monsters intelligence and connects his own anger and revenge to Victor's. This creates an emotional response with Victor, alluding to the fifth method or gothic literature, high overwrought emotion. Victor sympathizes with his creation for the first time in the novel, also connecting with the motif of responsibility. Victor feels as though he own the monster something. Do you believe the monster was justified in his murder of William?

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"I demand a creature of another sex" (Shelley 134).

In this scene, the monster is begging Victor to build another monster so that he won't be so lonely. The agonizing pain felt by the monster represents the Gothic romanticism genre well. This highlights the motif of responsibility because now Victor is responsible for creating another monster because of the mistake he made. The story of the monsters life made Victor sympathize the creature and have the compassion to make another monster. Do you think Victor made the right move in agreeing to create another monster?

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"It moved every feeling of Onder and awe that the picture of an omnipotent God warring with his creatures was capable of exciting" (Shelley 117).

Definition: (of a deity) having unlimited power; able to do anything.

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In the novel, Frankenstein, Mary Shelley establishes the Gothic Novel of high overwrought emtions to emphazise the family's reaction towards the monster in disgust and dreadful looks. Shelley states, "Felix darted forward, and with supernatural forces tore me from his fatherm to whose knees I clung: in a transport of fury, he dashed me to the ground ans stuck me violently with a stick...But my heart sunk within me as with bitter sickness, and I refrained" (Shelley 123). This enforces the elevated emtions from the creature of sadness, and terror from the family. It connects to the motif of heroric character from the creature being a tragic hero. The creature first began gathering wood for the family and stop eatign their food, viewing them as "superior beings" then getting rejected from them because he was a failed project rather than having actual bad intentions, looking like a monster.

Do believe if the family had listened to the monster, and allowed him to express himself, they would accept him?

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Bad behavior that is intentional or shows no care about bad things that might result.

"The picture I present to you is peaceful and human, and you must feel that you could deny it only in the wantonness of power and cruelty" ( Shelley 134-135).

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In chapter 16 of Frankenstein, The creature saves a little girl from drowning, but gets punished, shot, and an adult that was with her after the creature started following them to explain himself. He is angered by this and filled with rage. This is said on page 129 when "[t]his was then the reward of my benevolence! I had saved a human being from destruction, and, as a recompense, I now writhed under the miserable pain of a wound, which shattered the flesh and bone. The feelings of kindness and gentleness which I had entertained but a few moments before gave place to hellish rage and gnashing of teeth" is written. This kind as blind rage follows the Gothic element of high, overwrought emotion. This rage soon caused him to lose all hope in human kindness and ultimately led to the killing of Victor's younger brother William. I believe that this leads into the motifs of both rescue and isolation. It follows the rescue because the creature had saved the little girl from drowning, even if it didn't amount to anything in the people's eyes, and isolation because he soon isolates himself from the world until he can find Victor. All these events lead to another through very specific acts and interactions. Unfortunately for the creature, nothing played in his favor.

Where do you think the monster would be if the thing that started all of this, Victor abandoning him, never happened? What would become of the monster in this instance if these chains of events never occured?

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"The poor lady was very vacillating in her repentance." (shelley,52)

Repentance means the action of repenting, sincere regret or remorse.

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In Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Victors reacts in these chapters in anger and guilt because of his connection towards his brother's death. he feelings like because he created this monster, the actions of it are his, which is now making him feel the guilt. It says in book, "..where i could not conceal the horrid anguish that possessed me." (Shelley, 74) This explains that he felt the guilt for his brother's death and now even Justine's.

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Solemnisation - the formal, legal, and often religious ceremony that validates a marriage, making it official in the eyes of the law and community

"Tell me, therefore, whether you object to an immediate solemnisation of the marriage" (139).