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In 1857, the Dred Scott decision declared that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and thus had no standing to sue in federal court. This decision was later overturned by the 13th and 14th Amendments, laying the groundwork for civil rights legislation.

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Ratified in 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery throughout the United States. It was a monumental step towards civil rights, serving as the legal foundation for equal treatment under the law.

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Ratified in 1868, the 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, and promised equal protection under the laws. It has been the basis for much civil rights litigation and broader interpretation of rights.

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Adopted in 1870, the 15th Amendment prohibited the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." It was a crucial step towards voting equality, though real voting rights progress required later movements and legislation.

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Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States until the civil rights movement. They were finally overcome by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, which banned racial discrimination.

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The 1896 Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson, established the doctrine of 'separate but equal,' legalizing racial segregation. It was not until the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954 that the court overturned this precedent, declaring school segregation unconstitutional.

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Ratified in 1920, the 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote, marking a significant milestone in the fight for gender equality. It was a landmark achievement for the women's suffrage movement and an essential step towards equal rights.

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In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court upheld the government's internment of Japanese Americans during World War II as a wartime necessity, making it one of the most controversial Supreme Court decisions. This case raises critical questions about civil liberties during times of war and has since been widely criticized for its endorsement of racial discrimination. Its legacy prompted a reevaluation of civil rights protections under the Constitution, leading to formal apologies and reparations decades later.

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Shelley v. Kraemer was a landmark Supreme Court decision that struck down racially restrictive covenants in property agreements, which were agreements that prohibited the sale of property to persons of certain races or ethnicities. This decision marked a significant step towards ending legally supported racial discrimination in housing. It underscored the principle that the courts could not be used to enforce private agreements that were aimed at perpetuating racial segregation, thereby reinforcing the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

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1In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education overturned the 'separate but equal' doctrine from Plessy v. Ferguson, declaring state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. This landmark case paved the way for integration and was a significant victory for the civil rights movement.

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Passed in 1964, this Act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It was a cornerstone in the fight against racial inequality, significantly affecting de jure segregation and proving essential for empowering the civil rights movement.

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Refers to racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies. Unlike de facto segregation, de jure segregation was dismantled through landmark cases like Brown v. Board of Education and civil rights legislation.

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Judicial rulings and legislation passed during the era of the Civil Rights Movement ended de jure segregation, separation that was mandated by law and enforced by the government. But de facto segregation (separation that exists even though laws do not require it)

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Refers to racial segregation that happens by fact rather than by legal requirement, often manifesting in schooling, housing, and employment. Although not enshrined in law, de facto segregation remains a significant challenge and is a focus of ongoing civil rights efforts.

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This Act banned racial discrimination in voting, overcoming many barriers that were used to disenfranchise African Americans. It was a crucial development in civil rights, building on the 15th Amendment and greatly influencing the political landscape.

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Initiatives aimed at increasing access to education and employment for minorities and women. Although controversial, affirmative action has played a significant role in promoting diversity and addressing disparities in opportunities.

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The 1973 Supreme Court case, Roe v. Wade, recognized a woman's legal right to an abortion under the U.S. Constitution, marking a significant victory for women's rights. Although not directly related to racial civil rights, it reflects the broader implications of the 14th Amendment's promise of privacy and equal protection.

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In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke v. Regents that race could be one of several factors in college admission policy but quotas were impermissible. This case was a significant moment in the debate over affirmative action in education.

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Plyer v Doe was a landmark decision saying that states cannot constitutionally deny students a free public education on account of their immigration status.

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1990: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

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1990: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

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The Americans with Disabilities Act was signed into law, marking a monumental achievement in the fight for civil rights. This comprehensive legislation prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public. The ADA's enactment required modifications to physical and communication barriers, significantly changing the legal landscape to ensure the inclusion and equal treatment of people with disabilities.