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End of Civil War / Start of Reconstruction(1865)

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End of Civil War / Start of Reconstruction(1865)

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As the Civil War ended, the Southern States had to reconstruct their government and society. The political and social rights of the millions of newly freed Americans would become an important part of the post-war period.

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This amendment stated that there would be no slavery, unless it was a federal punishment because someone was in prison. Therefore, this amendment abolished slavery(people did eventually find loopholes).

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This amendment stated that every legal person of the US was considered a legal citizen and states could not take that citizenship away from everyone. All legal citizens were also given a right to a fair trial.

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This amendment granted every legal citizen voting rights. Keep in mind that women were not allowed to vote at this time period.

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People, like in Virginia, challenged segregated schools where students protested. This was because schools did not have amenities white Americans had way better amenities than black Americans. Some schools closed for 6 years to avoid integrating their schools.

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Charles Houston, Thurgal Mashal, and Oliver Brown worked through the NAACP 20 year battle to desegregate schools. Oliver Brown was inspired because his own daughter was denied entry in her local white school and was forced to commute 2 hours to and from school daily, to a school that was not up to the same standards as the white school because it was a black school. Segregated schools were evidently not equal because black Americans did not have the same quality or amount of resources as white students. Eventually on May 17, 1954 the government announced that separate schools were unequal.

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Emmett Till was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised by his mom where they moved to the north to escape south violence. In summer 1955, Emmett went to Mississippi to stay with his uncle for the summer when he was 14.

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Roy and Milam, Emmett Tillś kidnappers and murderers, were on trial in September, 1955. There was segregation within the courtroom and the judge and jury were all white. In less than an hour, with barely any negotiation and explanation, the murderers were found not guilty to murder, and were never even questioned about kidnapping. Also, they admitted to murder later. Carol Bryant, the girl who Emmett was said to have been inappropriate with, admitted that Emmett never touched her and she lied at her testimony in 2007.

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Mamie, Emmett's mom, made the brave decision to have an open casket funeral for Emmett so people could see how brutally her innocent son was murdered. She also chose to invite Jet Magazine so the funeral would be publicized to the world. Tens of thousands of people attended the funeral. It was a trigger for many people to start acting against social injustice.

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Rosa Parks was the fave of the movement led by the Women's Political Counsel (WPC) where she would not give up her seat on the bus to a white man. Thousands of black Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, avoided riding the public transportation for 382 days. Martin Luther King spoke about this violence being strategic because ti took a lot of planning to find other way o transportation or black Americans. Eventually, this nonviolent civil disobedience ended with the U Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses is unconstitutional.

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The Little Rock 9 were a group of 9 kids, with some kids behind the scenes, who advanced the Civil Rights Movement by integrating schools. After many efforts, and violence towards the kids, the teens were escorted into the schools.

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Greensboro Sit Ins (February, 1960 - March 1960)

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Greensboro Sit Ins (February, 1960 - March 1960)

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In Greensboro, North Carolina a sit in started in Woolworth's retaurant at the lunch counter with four black men. The protest expanded not only in Greensboro, but it inspired other cities to do sit Ins. By March, 55 cities, 13 states did sit ins. Nonviolence work shops were made to prepare protestors to not engage when people acted violent towards them.

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Freedom Rides (May 4 1961-December 10, 1961)

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Freedom Rides (May 4 1961-December 10, 1961)

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Integrated groups would sit on interstate buses, nonviolently, but people opposed to this 'lack of segregation' reacted violently, beating them and harassing them. These Freedom Rides led to the desegregation of interstate public transportation throughout the US.

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In Birmingham, Alabama there was a bombing of a Baptist church on 16th Street. The bombing was tragic and killed 4 young black girls. It was a hate crime.

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Children marched out of school to the local church, singing songs, acting nonviolently. At the church they were met by brutal police who sprayed children with firehouses and brutally beat them. This protest was publicized and persuaded people that the way black Americans are treated is an injustice because they empathized with children.

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Organizers of this protest planned to march on washington with at least 100,000 protesters, nonviolently, to fight against segregation. The protest ended up attracting 1/4 million protestors who were spoken to by many inspirational black speakers and civil rights activists, like Martin Luther King. This was widely publicized and was the first time people around the world had truly seen a nonviolent protest where they were not met by brutality.

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President Lyndon Johnson signed this act on July 2, 1964. This law prohibits discrimination in schools, it provides integration of schools, and other public facilities, and made it easier for black Americans to get jobs by eliminating discrimination. The umbrella term of this law is basically eliminating discrimination on a legal level based on race, color, religion, sex, origin. This act was inspired by John F. Kennedy's urge for a more equal society.

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Malcom X was preparing to make a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Height New York City. He was said to have been shot 21 times and unfortunately, his wife and young daughter were present. The murdered were members of the Nation of Islam who were angry at Malcom X for telling their secrets. The US government was surveilling Malcom X so ultimately they must of known about these assassination plans and did nothing to prevent it.

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The Selma Campaign lasted for a long time with a lot of organizing and strategic thinking by supporters of the Civil Rights Movement who's main focus was voting rights of black Americans. The main thing that people tend to remember is the 54 mile march to Montgomery which took many attempts, but was eventually successful and legalized. This campaign resulted in the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

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This act was passed to ensure that black Americans had equal access and the absolute right to vote with no obstruction. President Johnson signed this act next to Martin Luther King.

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About 70 years after Emmett's death the US signed the Emmett Till Antilynching Law. This law states that lynching is a hate crime and gives specific penalties under federal law for the crime.

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MLK was in Memphis, Tennessee for a protest for sanitation workers to get equal and safer working rights. While he was their he was assassinated on his hotel balcony at the Lorraine Motel. His assassination sparked demonstrations around the US, some erupting in violence because people were so hurt that their leader and idol's life was cut so short by such hate.

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Robert Kennedy Assassination (June 5, 1968)

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Robert Kennedy Assassination (June 5, 1968)

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Robert Kennedy was assassinated during his speech at the Ambassador Hotel after winning the California primary. He would have been the democratic nominee. Robert Kennedy was pro equal rights.