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Science clubhouse S2 E3-Modern evolution

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Science clubhouse S2 E3-Modern evolution

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Last science clubhouse video! ( with bloopers)

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Last science clubhouse video! ( with bloopers)

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chloe Stafford- reproductive system of a human 

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chloe Stafford- reproductive system of a human 

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Chloe Stafford- reproductive system of a grub video

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Chloe Stafford- reproductive system of a grub video

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Chloe stafford- nervous system of a human video

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Chloe stafford- nervous system of a human video

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Chloe Stafford- nervous system of a grub video

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Chloe Stafford- nervous system of a grub video

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Chloe Stafford- Muscular System of a Human Video

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Chloe Stafford- Muscular System of a Human Video

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Chloe Stafford-Muscular System of a Grub Video

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Chloe Stafford-Muscular System of a Grub Video

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Chloe Stafford-Skeletal System of a Human Video

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Chloe Stafford-Skeletal System of a Human Video

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Chloe Stafford- Skeletal System of a Grub Video

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Chloe Stafford- Skeletal System of a Grub Video

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The skeletal system is made up of the bones that give structure to the human body. Interact with the human skeletal system through our latest 3D tour.

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human muscle system, the muscles of the human body that work the skeletal system, that are under voluntary control, and that are concerned with movement, posture, and balance. Broadly considered, human muscle-like the muscles of all vertebrates-is often divided into striated muscle (or skeletal muscle), smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Smooth muscle is under involuntary control and is found in the walls of blood vessels and of structures such as the urinary bladder, the intestines, and the stomach. Cardiac muscle makes up the mass of the heart and is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of that vital pumping organ; it too is under involuntary control. With very few exceptions, the arrangement of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle in humans is identical to the arrangement found in other vertebrate animals.

This article is concerned with the skeletal muscles of the human body, with emphasis on muscle movements and the changes that have occurred in human skeletal musculature as a result of the long evolutionary process that involved the assumption of upright posture. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and the physiology of muscle contraction are treated at great length in the article muscle. For descriptions of disorders that affect the human muscle system, see muscle disease.

The muscle groups and their actions

The following sections provide a basic framework for the understanding of gross human muscular anatomy, with descriptions of the large muscle groups and their actions. The various muscle groups work in a coordinated fashion to control the movements of the human body.

The neck

The motion of the neck is described in terms of rotation, flexion, extension, and side bending (i.e., the motion used to touch the ear to the shoulder). The direction of the action can be ipsilateral, which refers to movement in the direction of the contracting muscle, or contralateral, which refers to movement away from the side of the contracting muscle.

Rotation is one of the most-important actions of the cervical (neck) spine. Rotation is accomplished primarily by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which bends the neck to the ipsilateral side and rotates the neck contralaterally. Together, the sternocleidomastoid muscles on both sides of the neck act to flex the neck and raise the sternum to assist in forced inhalation. The anterior and middle scalene muscles, which also are located at the sides of the neck, act ipsilaterally to rotate the neck, as well as to elevate the first rib. The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis, which are located in the back of the neck, work to rotate the head.

Side bending also is an important action of the cervical spine. The sternocleidomastoid muscles are involved in cervical side bending. The posterior scalene muscles, located on the lower sides of the neck, ipsilaterally bend the neck to the side and elevate the second rib. The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis also assist in neck side bending. The erector spinae muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis) are large, deep muscles that extend the length of the back. All three act to ipsilaterally side bend the neck.

Neck flexion refers to the motion used to touch the chin to the chest. It is accomplished primarily by the sternocleidomastoid muscles, with assistance from the longus colli and the longus capitis, which are found in the front of the neck. Neck extension is the opposite of flexion and is accomplished by many of the same muscles that are used for other neck movements, including the splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles.

The back

The back contains the origins of many of the muscles that are involved in the movement of the neck and shoulders. In addition, the axial skeleton that runs vertically through the back protects the spinal cord, which innervates almost all the muscles in the body.

Multiple muscles in the back function specifically in movements of the back. The erector spinae muscles, for example, extend the back (bend it backward) and side bend the back. The semispinalis dorsi and semispinalis capitis muscles also extend the back. The small muscles of the vertebrae (the multifidi and rotators) help rotate, extend, and side bend the back. The quadratus lumborum muscle in the lower back side bends the lumbar spine and aids in the inspiration of air through its stabilizing affects at its insertion at the 12th rib (the last of the floating ribs). The scapula (shoulder blade) is elevated by the trapezius muscle, which runs from the back of the neck to the middle of the back, by the rhomboid major and rhomboid minor muscles in the upper back, and by the levator scapulae muscle, which runs along the side and back of the neck.

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Human muscle system | Functions, Diagram, & Facts

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Human muscle system, the muscles of the human body that work the skeletal system, that are under voluntary control, and that are concerned with movement, posture, and balance. Broadly considered, human muscle-like the muscles of all vertebrates-is often divided into striated muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

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skeletal system of a grub and other insects website

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skeletal system of a grub and other insects website

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We often get great questions about insects during our programs based on their observations of these small creatures. We took the chance to ask Allen, our entomologist, to answer some frequently asked questions about insect bodies.

Do insects have blood?

In a sense they do, but it is quite different from human blood. Insects have an open circulatory system, which means their "blood" does not flow through vessels like veins and arteries. Their body cavities are filled with a fluid called hemolymph which is moved through the body by contracting their muscles and through the dorsal vessel along their backs which functions like a heart. Hemolymph, like blood, plays a role in storing and transporting nutrients, hormones, and immune system cells throughout the body. Unlike blood, hemolymph does not contain red blood cells or oxygen carrying hemoglobin. Instead, insects breathe through a set of branching tubes called tracheae. The tracheae open to the outside at pores along the sides of an insect known as spiracles and branch out to reach every cell within the body.

If insects don't have a skeleton how do they move?

To answer this question, we need to first clarify that insects do have a skeleton. They do not have an internal skeleton like we do, known as an endoskeleton. Rather, the outside of their bodies is their skeleton, an exoskeleton. Insect cuticle contains chitin, long chains of glucose molecules which when crosslinked provide rigidity allowing it to function as an exoskeleton. It turns out that insect exoskeletons play a similar role in movement as our endoskeletons do. Both kinds of skeletons have ridges or other structures for muscles to attach to. Insects move by contracting opposing muscles attached to their skeletons just like we do, the difference being the muscles are attached on the inside of their skeletons rather than the outside.

How many wings can an insect have?

Insects can have up to two pairs of wings, so four in total. Not all insects have wings and those that do only have them in their final adult life stage, except for mayflies which have two adult stages. Knowing that, notice any inaccuracies with the "Baby Bumble Bee" song? A baby bumble bee does not have a stinger or wings, they are just little white grubs! Some groups of insects never have wings, even as adults, like silverfish and fleas. Others have almost all winged adults like dragonflies, grasshoppers, butterflies, bees. In some groups wingless adults are more common like in cockroaches, crickets, wasps, moths, and even flies. Some insects have a modified pair of wings. Beetle forewings are modified into hard shells called elytra. Flies appear to only have one pair of wings because their hindwings are reduced to little nubs called halteres which aid in balance. The scientific name for the group flies belong to is Diptera which translates to "two wings".

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Curious questions, small bugs, big answers - Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum

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We often get great questions about insects during our programs based on their observations of these small creatures. We took the chance to ask Allen, our entomologist, to answer some frequently asked questions about insect bodies.

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Kaylee Allman- Circulatory System of a Human Video

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Kaylee Allman- Circulatory System of a Human Video

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the saliva glands are not in a scarab beetle but they are in humans   

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the saliva glands are not in a scarab beetle but they are in humans   

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Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine Cyclocephala Scarabaeid Beetle Larvae © White Grubs 30jun2006 Copyright 2004 by Richard Fox Lander University Preface This is an exercise from Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine , an Internet laboratory manual for courses in Invertebrate Zoology.Additional exercises can be accessed by clicking on the links to the left.A glossary and chapters on supplies and laboratory techniques are also available.Terminology and phylogeny used in these exercises correspond to usage in the Invertebrate Zoology textbook by Ruppert, Fox, and Barnes (2004).Hyphenated figure callouts refer to figures in the textbook.Callouts that are not hyphenated refer to figures embedded in the exercise.

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June beetle, (genus Phyllophaga), genus of nearly 300 species of beetles belonging to the widely distributed plant-eating subfamily Melolonthinae (family Scarabaeidae, order Coleoptera). These red-brown beetles commonly appear in the Northern Hemisphere during warm spring evenings and are attracted to lights.

The heavy-bodied June beetles vary from 12 to 25 mm (0.5 to 1 inch) and have shiny wing covers (elytra). They feed on foliage and flowers at night, sometimes causing considerable damage. June beetle larvae, called white grubs, are about 25 mm (1 inch) long and live in the soil. They can destroy crops (e.g., corn [maize], small grains, potatoes, and strawberries), and they can kill lawns and pastures by severing grasses from their roots.

Each female buries between 50 and 200 small pearl-like eggs in the soil. After three years of feeding on plant roots, the larvae pupate, emerge as adults in late summer, and then bury themselves again for the winter. In the spring the adults emerge once more and feed on available foliage. Adults live less than one year.

A natural enemy of the June beetle is the waved light fly ( Pyrgota undata). The female fly lays an egg under the beetle's elytra, where it hatches and feeds on the beetle, eventually killing it. Some small mammals, such as moles, are known to feed on the grubs, and June beetle larvae are considered excellent fish bait.

(For information on the related green June beetle [ Cotinus nitida] or the ten-lined June beetle [ Polyphylla decemlineata], see flower chafer.)

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June beetle | Description, Life Cycle, & Facts

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June beetle, also called June bug, genus of nearly 300 species of beetles belonging to the widely distributed plant-eating subfamily Melolonthinae. These red-brown beetles commonly appear in the Northern Hemisphere during warm spring evenings and are attracted to lights.

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Heart, Lungs, Cappilaries, Arteries, Blood, and Blood Veins.

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Circulatory System: Anatomy and Function

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The circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. Your heart sends blood to the lungs for oxygen. It pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.

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Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine

Cyclocephala

Scarabaeid Beetle Larvae ©

White Grubs

30jun2006

Copyright 2004 by

Richard Fox

Lander University

Preface

This is an exercise from Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine , an Internet laboratory manual for courses in Invertebrate Zoology.Additional exercises can be accessed by clicking on the links to the left.A glossary and chapters on supplies and laboratory techniques are also available.Terminology and phylogeny used in these exercises correspond to usage in the Invertebrate Zoology textbook by Ruppert, Fox, and Barnes (2004).Hyphenated figure callouts refer to figures in the textbook.Callouts that are not hyphenated refer to figures embedded in the exercise. The glossary includes terms from this textbook as well as the laboratory exercises.

Systematics

Arthropoda P, Mandibulata sP, Tracheata, Hexapoda SC, Insecta C, Dicondylia, Pterygota, Metapterygota, Neoptera, Eumetabola, Holometabola, Coleoptera O,Polyphaga sO, Scarabaeoidea SF, Scarabaeidae F, Rutelinae sF(Fig 16-15, 20-14, 20-15, 21-23)

Arthropoda P

The coelom is reduced to small spaces associated with the gonads and kidney.The functional body cavity is a spacious hemocoel divided by a horizontal diaphragm into a dorsal pericardial sinus and a much larger perivisceral sinus.Sometimes there is a small ventral perineural sinus surrounding the ventral nerve cord.

The hemal system includes a dorsal, contractile, tubular, ostiate heart that pumps blood to and from the hemocoel.Excretory organs vary with taxon and include Malpighian tubules, saccate nephridia, and nephrocytes.Respiratory organs also vary with taxon and include many types of gills, book lungs, and tracheae.

The nervous system consists of a dorsal, anterior brain of two or three pairs of ganglia, circumenteric connectives, and a paired ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia and segmental peripheral nerves.Various degrees of condensation and cephalization are found in different taxa.

Mandibulata sP

Mandibulata includes arthropods in which the third head segment bears a pair of mandibles.As currently conceived this taxon includes myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans.Appendages may be uni- or biramous and habitats include marine, freshwater, terrestrial, and aerial.

Tracheata

Myriapods and hexapods share tracheae and a single pair of antennae and are sister taxa in Tracheata.Crustaceans, which have gills and lack tracheae, are excluded and form the sister group.

Hexapoda SC

Insecta C

Pterygota

The winged insects. These insects are derived from a winged common ancestor.Adults of most taxa have wings although they have been lost in some.

Eumetabola

Juveniles have no ocelli and there are six or fewer Malpighian tubules.

Holometabola

Coleoptera O

Natural History

The larvae of many species of scarab beetles inhabit turf grasses and are collectively known as white grubs. They are similar to each other, white or grey, with a darker posterior abdomen, and brown head capsule. They curl into a characteristic C-shape (Fig 1, 21-14).

Figure 1. ACyclocephala(masked chafer) grub viewed from the left side. Beetle71L.gif

Some common species of white grubs in the eastern United States are Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica), northern masked chafer ( Cyclocephala borealis), southern masked chafer ( Cyclocephala lurida), green June beetle ( Cotinus nitida), May-June Beetle ( Phyllophaga fusca), European chafer ( Rhizotrogus majalis), Asiatic garden beetle ( Maladera castanea), Oriental beetle ( Exomala orientalis), false Japanese beetle ( Strigoderma arbicola), and black turfgrass ataenius ( Ataenius spretulus).The subterranean larvae feed on the roots of turf grasses and other plants whereas the adults consume the foliage of a variety of trees and shrubs. These grubs are distinguished from each other by the shape of the anus and pattern of spines on the venter of the tenth (last) abdominal segment.

The descriptions and drawings for this exercise are based on observations of masked chafer larvae ( Cyclocephala) but apply, in almost all details, to any larvae of this group. If you are interested in species identification, refer to the Web links in the bibliography.Green June beetle grubs have the interesting habit of crawling upside down, i.e. on their backs, over the ground surface and will do so if you place one on the ground or in a culture dish in the lab.

Figure 2.En faceview of the head capsule of aCyclocephalagrub. Beetle72L.gif

Laboratory Specimens

Once collected grubs can be studied alive after anesthetization with chloroform or they can be preserved with 40% isopropanol or 80% ethanol.The exercise is confined to external anatomy and, although written specifically for Cyclocephala, can be used for the larvae of any scarab beetle.

External Anatomy

Scarab beetle grubs are white, with a brown head capsule and a brownish posterior end.They are about 25-40 mm in body length and 4-6 mm in diameter.The wormlike body is curved in a "C" shape (Fig 1).The body is divided into the usual three insect tagmata; head, thorax, and abdomen.

Figure 3. Left lateral view of the head ofCyclocephala. Beetle73L.gif

Head

The head consists of a dark, well-developed, sclerotized head capsuleequipped with sense organs and mouthparts (Fig 2, 3).The vertexis the dorsal region of the capsule and it grades imperceptibly into the frons,the front of the capsule. The clypeusarticulates with the ventral edge of the frons. The sides of the capsule are the genae, or cheeks (Fig 3).

Study the appendages of the head observing them first in anterior view and then in posterior view as required. The antennaarises from the ventral edge of the gena.No compound eyes are present but a tiny black ocellus is barely visible through the cuticle at the base of the antenna.

Of the mouthparts, only the labrum and mandibles are visible in anterior view.The oval, but asymmetrical, labrumarticulates along a straight suture with the ventral edge of the clypeus (Fig 2, 3). The posterior surface of the labrum bears the epipharynx, prominent, median, posteriorly directed tooth that can be seen only in posterior view (Fig 4).The labrum is not bilobed.

The massive mandiblesarticulate laterally with the ventral edges of the genae (Fig 2, 3). The heavily sclerotized mandibles each have a distal incisorfor shearing and a massive proximal molar, or molars, for grinding (Fig 4). Lift the labrum to reveal the full extent of the heavily sclerotized mandibles. The molars are best seen in posterior view after moving (or removing) the labium and maxillae.

Each mandible articulates with the gena via two contact points, or condyles. The dorsaland ventral condyles can be seen in lateral view at the border of the clypeus (Fig 3).A dicondylic articulation such as this limits movement to a single plane. The mandibles can move only in the transverse plane and thus oppose each other across the midline, incisor opposite incisor and molar opposite molar. Dicondylic articulations are typical of insect mandibles and several of the joints of insect legs. The human knee and elbow joints are also examples of dicondylic joints.

Figure 4. Posterior view of the mandibles and labrum.Maxilla and labium removed for clarity. Beetle74L.gif

On the posterior face of the mandible, and visible only with the maxillae and labium out of the way or removed, is an oval patch, the stridulating plate, with fine striae (Fig 4).Higher magnification, about 40X or more, will be required to resolve the striae.The stridulating plate of the mandible is half of a stridulating device used by the grub to produce sound.The device consists of a file and scraper similar to those on the wings of male crickets ( Acheta).The file is the stridulating plate of the mandible and the scraper is a row of bumps on the maxilla (Fig 6).The scraper lies against the file when the mandible and maxilla are in their natural positions. To stridulate, the grub rubs the scraper over the file.Also visible in posterior view of each mandible is an accessory condyle extending from the base of the mandible.

The maxilla is best viewed from the posterior side of the head, using fine forceps and a microneedle to manipulate it.The two maxillae are lateral to the labium so the three are simultaneously visible in posterior view (Fig 5). Each maxillaconsists of a basal cardoarticulated with the head capsule proximally and the stipes distally.

From the stipes arise a lateral maxillary palpand a fused galeaand lacinia(Fig 5, 6). The presence of both galea and lacinia is apparent only in anterior view (Fig 6).In posterior view the two appear to be a single entity. The galea is lateral and the lacinia medial. The combined galea-lacinia bristles with stout spines and setae.

Figure 5. Posterior view of the maxillae and labium ofCyclocephala. Beetle75L.gif

Figure 6. Anterior view of the labium and maxillae ofCyclocephala. Beetle76L.gif

The anterior edge of the stipes bears a longitudinal ridge of sclerotized tubercles known as stridulating teeth(Fig 6). The stridulating teeth form the scraper that is the complement of the mandibular file of the stridulating organ(Fig 4).

Look at an intact labiumin posterior view.It is median, between the two maxillae (Fig 5).It consists of a proximal submentumand a distal prementumwith a mentum in between. Two tiny biarticulate labial palps arise distally from the mentum (Fig 3).

The hypopharynx, or tongue, in most insects is a soft, unsclerotized fold of the ventral wall of the head posterior to the mouth.In white grubs it is fused with the prementum of the labium and is heavily and asymmetrically sclerotized (Fig 6).Its black cuticular parts are clearly visible on the anterior base of the labium.

Figure 7 Left lateral view of thorax.Setae omitted for clarity. Beetle77L.gif

Thorax

As in the larvae or most holometabolous insects the posterior tagmata, thorax and abdomen, are weakly sclerotized making it difficult to distinguish segments.The body is soft and worm-like.

As always, the thorax consists of 3 segments which are the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax(Fig 1, 7). Each thoracic segment bears a pair of walking legs known, in order, as the forelegs, midlegs, and hindlegs(Fig 7).They are similar and each consists of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and single tarsal claw. A pair of spiracles is present laterally on the prothorax (Fig 1, 7).

Abdomen

The abdomen consists of 10 segmentsbut they are soft and mostly without distinct sclerites. Abdominal segments 1-8 each have a pair of spiracles(Fig 1) but spiracles are not present on segments 9 and 10. In Cyclocephala, but not Phyllophaga, segment 10 has a slender sclerotized tergitearching dorsally over the segment.The anusis a horizontal, transverse slit extending across the posterior end of segment 10. The region of segment 10 ventral to the anal slit is known as the raster and it bears a species-specific pattern of short spines (Fig 1, 8).

Figure 8. Ventral view of the posterior abdomen showing the random setal pattern characteristic of the raster ofCyclocephala.Setae have been omitted from the dorsum of segment 10. beetle78L.gif

Identification

Field identification of white grubs is accomplished by county extension agents, turf grass managers, and homeowners using the pattern of short setae or spines on the raster, or ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 (Fig 8).The pattern is discernable in the field using a 10X lens. In the two species of chafers ( Cyclocephala) the pattern of spines is random (Fig 8). Some of the spines of Japanese beetles ( Popillia), on the other hand, form a distinct "V" immediately anterior to the anal slit. May-June beetles ( Phyllophaga) have two parallel, or slightly curved, closely spaced rows of spines in conjunction with a doubly arched anal slit (Fig 9).Green June beetles ( Cotinus) have several long parallel rows of spines. Refer to the Internet sites below for illustrations of these, and other, raster patterns.

Figure 9.Ventral view of the posterior abdomen showing the random setal pattern characteristic of the raster of a May-June beetle,Phyllophaga.

References

Anon. undated.University of Kentucky Agripedia, Entomology 320 Horticultural Entomology.

www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/classes/ENT320/TURFA2.asp

Böving AG, Craighead FC. 1930. An illustrated synopsis of the principal larval forms of the order Coleoptera. Entomologica Americana 11(ns)(1):1-244..

Böving AG, Craighead FC. 1931. An illustrated synopsis of the principal larval forms of the order Coleoptera. Entomologica Americana 11(ns)(4):257-352.

1989.An introduction to the study of insects, 6 Borrer DJ, Triplehorn CA, Johnson NF. th ed.Saunders, Philadelphia.875pp.

undated. White grub pests on turfgrass. Hudson WH, Sparks B. http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/1428-w.html

2004. Invertebrate Zoology, A functional evolutionary approach, 7 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RB. th ed. Brooks Cole Thomson, Belmont CA. 963 pp.

. 2001. Identifying white grubs in Michigan. Russell H www.pestid.msu.edu/profiles/whitegrubidentification.html With good photos and explanations of raster patterns for identifying white grubs.

Sheltar DJ . 2000. Identification of white grubs in turfgrass.

http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2510.html

Supplies

living or preserved white grub (scarab beetle larva)

dissecting microscope

dissecting set with fine forceps and microneedles

small dissecting pan (anchovy tin)

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Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine Cyclocephala Scarabaeid Beetle Larvae © White Grubs 30jun2006 Copyright 2004 by Richard Fox Lander University Preface This is an exercise from Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine , an Internet laboratory manual for courses in Invertebrate Zoology.Additional exercises can be accessed by clicking on the links to the left.A glossary and chapters on supplies and laboratory techniques are also available.Terminology and phylogeny used in these exercises correspond to usage in the Invertebrate Zoology textbook by Ruppert, Fox, and Barnes (2004).Hyphenated figure callouts refer to figures in the textbook.Callouts that are not hyphenated refer to figures embedded in the exercise.

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the difference between an open and closed system

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Home and Garden IPM from Cooperative Extension

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White Grubs

White grubs are the white, soft-bodied larvae of several scarab beetle species, including European chafer, Japanese beetle, May/June beetles, Asiatic garden beetle, and Oriental Beetle. They have a brown head and six well-developed legs. When the turf is lifted and grubs are exposed, they tend to be lying on their sides in a C-shaped position. From May through early June, white grubs pupate 2 - 5″ deep in the soil. Adults emerge from pupae a few weeks later. Signs of white grub damage include wilting or yellowing of grass and can result in large patches of dead or dying turf.

Life Cycle:
The adult beetle lays its eggs in the ground during the summer. As the grubs hatch, they start feeding on the roots until cold weather drives them 2 to 8 inches deeper into the soil where they overwinter. When Spring arrives, the grubs move up from the lower soil regions and resume feeding near the surface until they become mature and pupate from May through early June.

How many is too many?
This depends on several factors, and not all grubs are created equal. Larger grub species will likewise consume a greater amount of total root material as they near maturity, so it's helpful to know which species of grub is present. The grub of the May/June beetle is very common in Maine, and since that species grows to be relatively large in size compared to other species, it takes fewer grubs to equal the same amount of feeding damage versus that of a smaller species. Thus, the general guidance for May/June beetle grubs is that treatment is warranted with a level of only three or four grubs per square foot. If the grubs you are finding are big, it's reasonable to adopt that threshold of three or four grubs per square foot of soil. On the other end of the spectrum is the Asiatic Garden beetle; a smaller species that is also common in Maine and New England. The treatment level for that species is 18 to 20 grubs per square foot. The overall general health of the grass is also an important consideration to the question of how many is too many. Grass that is stressed due to adverse climatic conditions (too wet or too dry, for example) or other adverse environmental conditions will be more susceptible to significant damage from a lower level of grub activity.

Management [Read & Follow All Pesticide Label Directions!]:
Curative controls are applied when the grubs are present. Common curatives include carbaryl, which is not consistently effective, and trichlorfon. Trichlorfon has to be applied by a licensed professional and kills, at best, 50% of the mature grubs and does not protect the lawn from the next generation of grubs. Until recently, various systemic neonicotinoid products were a common choice applied to lawns as a preventative control, but in 2021 the Maine Board of Pesticides Control (BPC) adopted a regulation to make certain neonicotinoids "restricted use." Consequently, all pesticides with the active ingredients dinotefuran, clothianidin, imidacloprid or thiamethoxam are prohibited from use by all persons in outdoor residential landscapes such as lawn, turf, and ornamental vegetation. There are some (but not many) exemptions to the rule. One notable exemption is for licensed individuals treating "emerging invasive invertebrate pests" on ornamental vegetation. As of the fall of 2023, the following three pests are included in that list: Asian long-horned beetle ( Anoplophora glabripennis), Emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis), and Hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae). To be clear, none of those are "white grubs." For more information about the BPC's 2021 rule, including all of the exemptions, go to: https://www.maine.gov/dacf/php/pesticides/applicators/neonicotinoids.shtml

Chlorantraniliprole (e.g. Acelepryn®, GrubEx®) is an example of a preventative, systemic compound that falls into a different class of chemical-Group 28-known as anthranilic diamides (i.e. it is not a neonicotinoid). It is a very selective, narrow-spectrum compound with a novel mode of action that works on the insect's muscular system rather than its nervous system. Chlorantraniliprole products should be applied about three weeks in advance of any feeding activity by grubs because it needs ample time to become fully incorporated into the roots of the plants (it works via ingestion of the chemical rather than by contact). Thus, to target the first active grubs of the season-which in Maine typically begin feeding in mid to late May-chlorantraniliprole would ideally need to be applied approximately mid-April to ensure that the chemical is in the roots when our May/June beetle grubs first begin to feed. Some people will also apply it in June (to healthy grass not yet harmed by any prior wave of grubs the previous month) in order to proactively protect that grass from the subsequent generation of new grubs that hatch from eggs in the soil later in the summer. Chlorantraniliprole, coincidentally, will also control the larvae of crane flies, which also feed on the roots of grasses. If you wait until you see the symptoms of dying/browning grass, with either beetle grubs or crane fly larvae already actively feeding, it's too late at that point to use chlorantraniliprole and expect to see any control or improvement.

Organic options for white grubs include beneficial nematodes or simply letting crows, skunks and raccoons dig up the grubs and then replanting the grass. Beneficial nematodes of the Hb variety (applied during the last week of August) are relatively effective compared to other available nematode varieties. Nematodes should be used on low-value turf because their effectiveness can be spotty.

Additional Information:

Here is a list of Maine's most common beetle grubs (Family Scarabidae) and their associated treatment thresholds for turf/lawns. These grubs are often collectively referred to as 'White Grubs':

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White Grubs - Home and Garden IPM from Cooperative Extension - University of Maine Cooperative Extension

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White grubs are the white, soft-bodied larvae of several scarab beetle species, including European chafer, Japanese beetle, May/June beetles, Asiatic garden beetle, and Oriental Beetle. They have a brown head and six well-developed legs. When the turf is lifted and grubs are exposed, they tend to be lying on their sides in a C-shaped position.

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closed system unlike grubs

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P.J. Liesch, UW-Madison Entomology

XHT1240

May/June beetles or "Junebugs" (Phyllophaga spp.) are beetles in the family Scarabaeidae. These native insects are common throughout Wisconsin and can often be seen flying near lights or heard hitting window screens on early summer evenings. Twenty-nine species of May/June beetles have been documented in the state, although there are over 200 species known throughout North America.

Appearance: Adult May/June beetles are typically ½ to one inch long and vary in color from reddish-brown to almost black. Adults are active after dusk in late May and early June and are attracted to lights at night. These insects are clumsy fliers and often collide with windows and cling to screens. Immature May/June beetles (i.e., larvae or "white grubs") have distinctly C-shaped, cream-colored bodies with a reddish-brown head and three pairs of legs. Grubs can be up to 1¼ inches long, and live in the soil using their strong mandibles (i.e., mouth parts) to chew on plant roots.

Life Cycle: All May/June beetles in Wisconsin have three-year life cycles (except for the widely distributed Phyllophaga tristis which has a two-year life cycle). Adults emerge in late May and early June, and are active in the evening hours. Adults mate, and females burrow into the soil to lay eggs. After hatching from eggs, white grubs feed on plant roots. Over the course of the next two years, larvae pass through three stages (called instars) becoming larger and more destructive with each stage. In the late summer and fall of their third year (or second year in the case of Phyllophaga tristis), larvae begin pupating in the soil. Adults emerge the following spring. In a given location, overlapping generations can occur so that adults will be present every year. In some (but not all) locations, one of the overlapping generations can be notably larger than the others, resulting in a large adult population every three years.

Damage: May/June beetles are pests of turfgrass, ornamentals, Christmas trees, cranberries, and certain vegetable and field crops. Adults have been documented to cause foliar damage to ornamental plants, such as oaks and other trees. This type of damage occurs infrequently and tends to be localized in the state. May/June beetle larvae (white grubs) tend to be the most damaging life stage of the insect. White grubs damage plants by feeding on their roots and disrupting the uptake and transport of water and nutrients. Initial symptoms of grub damage appear similar to those of drought stress including yellowing and wilting of foliage, as well as stunting of plants. Grubs can kill small plants, but tend to have less of an effect on larger plants with larger, more robust root systems. When high populations of grubs occur in turfgrass, discolored patches of loosely rooted turf can appear in mid- to late-summer. Animals such as skunks, raccoons, turkeys and sandhill cranes may dig and forage for grubs, causing even more damage to the turf. Damage from adults and white grubs can occur anywhere in Wisconsin, but is most commonly found in the eastern and northeastern parts of the state.

Management: Because May/June beetle populations tend to be localized, control is rarely warranted unless there is a history of damage in an area. In locations where damage from a large population has occurred, control may not be warranted every year due to the multi-year life cycle of May/June beetles. Knowing the history of May/June beetle damage in your area and monitoring for these insects can go a long way towards predicting damage and effectively managing this pest.

Maintaining plant health and vigor through proper irrigation, fertilization, and other practices can help minimize the impacts of damage from May/June beetles. When chemical insecticides are warranted, a number of contact insecticides will control adult May/June beetles, including: carbaryl, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and others.

If grubs are discovered, contact your local Extension office to properly identify the insect, as other larvae (e.g., Japanese beetle) can occur in turf, ornamental, and crop settings. Proper identification is needed to most effectively manage pests! A number of insecticides are labeled for the control of white grubs. Refer to the following University of Wisconsin Garden Facts and UW-Extension publications for product and timing recommendations: XHT1018 (Grub Control in Home Lawns), XHT1208 (White Grubs on Christmas Trees), A3276 (Cranberry Pest Management in Wisconsin), A3646 (Pest Management in Wisconsin Field Crops), and A3422 (Commercial Vegetable Production in Wisconsin). When targeting grubs with chemical insecticides, be sure to follow all label instructions, which may include applying approximately ¼ inch of water to help move the products into plant root zones.

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May/June beetles or "Junebugs" are native insects common throughout Wisconsin often be seen near lights on early summer evenings. Learn about these large beetles and their larva in the soil in this factsheet.

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the reproductive and life facts of the bug

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the reproductive and life facts of the bug

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https://study.com/learn/lesson/june-bug-life-cycle-facts-characteristics.html#:~:text=Adult%20June%20bugs%20mate%20and,when%20food%20is%20most%20abundant.

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the life cycle and how to get rid of them

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the life cycle and how to get rid of them

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https://www.lebanonturf.com/education-center/insect-pests/white-grubs

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White Grubs

Several species of white grubs can cause damage, including Japanese beetles, masked chafers, June beetles, May beetles and black ataenius. All of these grubs have stout, grayish-to-white bodies with brown heads. Depending upon the species, the mature grub ranges in size from 3/8 to 2 inches long. Most species are curled into a C-shape when at rest.

Signs of Infestation

Turf that is heavily grub-damaged is not well anchored, allowing you can pull it loose from the soil as if lifting a rug. When you lift the turf, inspect the top 1 to 2 inches of soil for the white, C-shaped larvae. Sampling of potential infestation sites and early recognition of a grub problem can prevent turf loss and costly renovation.

Another indication that grubs might be infesting the turf is the presence of moles, skunks, raccoons, or flocks of birds finding the turf attractive. However, these predatory varmints may be interested in earthworms or other soil insects in addition to grubs. Sampling the lawn is the best way to confirm that a white grub problem truly exists.

Grub Life Cycles

In October or November, when soil temperatures begin to cool, the grubs cease feeding and move deeper into the soil, where they lie dormant in the winter. They return to the root zone and resume feeding early the following spring. When mature (typically in late May), the grubs again move deeper in the soil to form an earthen cell, and ultimately transform into pupae. The adult beetles emerge a few weeks later, in June and July, to complete the one-year cycle.

Insecticide Treatment

When grubs are abundant, applying an insecticide is the best way to avoid serious damage to the turf. Two different strategies are available for controlling grubs with insecticides: curative and preventive. Each approach has its own merits and limitations. Regardless of the product, post-treatment irrigation should be applied to water the insecticide into the root zone.

The Curative Approach

With curative control, treatment is applied in late summer after the eggs have hatched and grubs are present. Insecticides used for curative control have relatively short residual effectiveness (usually 2 to 3 weeks or less). Therefore, proper timing is important. The best time to apply curative grub insecticides is in early to mid August when grubs are still small and their feeding damage is relatively light. Grubs are still vulnerable to treatment in late August and September but as they grow larger, they become progressively harder to control and damage to the turf already may be severe. By late September, in response to cooler soil temperatures, some grubs already may be moving downward and out of the treatment zone in the soil.

The Preventive Approach

With preventive control, the insecticide is applied as insurance before a potential grub problem develops. Preventive treatments afford greater flexibility in application timing and are easier to schedule and implement than curative treatments. They also tend to be less dependent upon sampling and monitoring of grub populations. Preventive treatment often affords greater peace of mind because potential damage is avoided or, at least, minimized. Preventive control requires the use of insecticides with long residual activity in soil. Multiple products are available and give excellent control of newly hatched white grubs when applied weeks or months before the grubs have hatched.

Turf managers who use the preventive approach must use a different timing than they would for curative or "rescue" treatments. Preventive grub insecticides are highly effective against young, newly hatched grubs. Applications made as early as April usually have sufficient soil residual to control young grubs hatching from eggs in July or early August. In general, the optimum period for applying preventive grub treatment is mid-June to mid-July, during the month or so preceding egg hatch until the time when very young grubs are present. Preventive grub insecticides are substantially less active against older, full-sized (third-instar) grubs so they are not well-suited for curative treatment in late summer, or after grub damage is apparent.
You can find grub control products here

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White Grub life cycle and how to control them

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Here you will find information on white grubs and how they damage turf, their life cycle and solutions for controlling them.

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Meet the enormous scarab family and its members both familiar and exotic. Find out how many scarabs thrive on an unlikely nutrient: dung.

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https://ncsupdicblog.blogspot.com/2016/07/june-beetle-time.html

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/grub

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Humans, unlike grubs have different circulatory systems than grubs

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it came from English grave and dutch grobbelen

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it came from English grave and dutch grobbelen

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he's a grub 👍

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he is the larva of the scarab beetle a common name for some species is June beetle  

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he is the larva of the scarab beetle a common name for some species is June beetle  

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they burrow under the soil during the winter months and in the spring months they come out of the ground

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they burrow under the soil during the winter months and in the spring months they come out of the ground

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some of the species of the  the scarab beetle fly but they are very clumsy flyers 

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some of the species of the  the scarab beetle fly but they are very clumsy flyers 

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the scarab beetle can lift 1141 times its body weight 

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the scarab beetle can lift 1141 times its body weight 

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the scarab beetle first appeared in 2575 bce and people back than thought they where lucky so many people made gold amulets of the scarab beetle  

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the scarab beetle first appeared in 2575 bce and people back than thought they where lucky so many people made gold amulets of the scarab beetle  

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the females  can lay 50-60 eggs every time she lays eggs

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the females  can lay 50-60 eggs every time she lays eggs

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people also used them as a form of torture they would bury you alive in a sarcophagus with a lot of the beetle and they eat more slowly in a confide space so they would slowly eat you 

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people also used them as a form of torture they would bury you alive in a sarcophagus with a lot of the beetle and they eat more slowly in a confide space so they would slowly eat you 

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if you see a scarab beetle on jewelry it symbolizes protection of death 

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if you see a scarab beetle on jewelry it symbolizes protection of death 

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They only move up and down in the soil not side to side

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during the winter they go deep into the ground to stay warm

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during the winter they go deep into the ground to stay warm

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They like irrigated lawns

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grubs are the larvae of various scarab beetles, including Japanese beetles and June bugs