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team 1-Nehir AKSOY : 1Arlette Karmele-2Asrın Nasiye-3Sıla Filiz-4Leonor Carla-5Rosa Daniela-6Deonilla Daniela -7Hüseyin ALPARSLAN

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team 1-Nehir AKSOY : 1Arlette Karmele-2Asrın Nasiye-3Sıla Filiz-4Leonor Carla-5Rosa Daniela-6Deonilla Daniela -7Hüseyin ALPARSLAN

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Student Asrın Teacher Nasiye Antalya Science and Art

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Fossil CO2 Emissions (2016)

Fossil CO2 emissions in Turkey were 368,122,740 tons in 2016.

CO2 emissions increased by 5.25% over the previous year, representing an increase by 18,366,770 tons over 2015, when CO2 emissions were 349,755,970 tons.

CO2 emissions per capita in Turkey are equivalent to 4.54 tons per person (based on a population of 81,019,394 in 2016), an increase by 0.15 over the figure of 4.39 CO2 tons per person registered in 2015; this represents a change of 3.5% in CO2 emissions per capita.

Fossil Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions of Turkey

Sources

See also

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Current and historical CO2 Emissions of Turkey

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team 2 : Alparslan CEYLAN :1Maria Carla-2İdil Filiz-3Leonardo Daniela-4Ecrin Filiz-5Ali Naci Kısmet-6Ela Nasiye-7Doruk Nehir

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team 2 : Alparslan CEYLAN :1Maria Carla-2İdil Filiz-3Leonardo Daniela-4Ecrin Filiz-5Ali Naci Kısmet-6Ela Nasiye-7Doruk Nehir

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Student Ela Teacher Nasiye Antalya Science and Art Center

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Turkey: carbon dioxide emissions 1970-2022 | Statista

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Turkey produced 409.7 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (MtCO2) emissions in 2022.

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team 3:Kısmet TÜRKAN KURNAZ:1Cemre Filiz-2Ülkü ALPARSLAN-3Osman Nasiye-4Şuşală Rareș Iuliana-5Gülnur Nehir-6Ronay Nasiye

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team 3:Kısmet TÜRKAN KURNAZ:1Cemre Filiz-2Ülkü ALPARSLAN-3Osman Nasiye-4Şuşală Rareș Iuliana-5Gülnur Nehir-6Ronay Nasiye

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Student Ronay Teacher Nasiye Antalya Science and Art Center

Student Rareș Șușală, Teacher Iuliana Roman

Zinca Golescu National College

Romania's Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy:

Collaboration for Climate Education

Inclusion of Environmental Education

Consultative Technical Group on Disaster Risk Reduction

Contributing to a group focusing on cultural heritage adaptation to climate change.

Addressing the impact of extreme weather events on cultural heritage preservation.

Enhancing Public Awareness

Strengthening Institutional Capacities

Policy Implementation and Legislation:

Participating in global initiatives to combat climate change.

Aligning with the goals of international organizations like the UN and EU.

Research and Innovation: Developing tools for monitoring climate impact on cultural heritage.

Investing in research to assess and mitigate climate risks.

Sharing knowledge and best practices for climate adaptation and disaster management.

Long-term Planning and Adaptation:

Planning for long-term adaptation to climate change impacts.

Anticipating future climate scenarios and their effects on cultural heritage and disaster management.

Advocacy and Public Engagement: Advocating for climate action and resilience-building measures.

Engaging communities in climate awareness campaigns and capacity-building activities.

https://www.mmediu.ro/app/webroot/uploads/files/Long%20Term%20Strategy%20of%20Romania.pdf

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team 4. Takım:Derya BEKTAŞ :1Maiu Karmele-2Burak Nasiye-3Dylan Daniela-4Nesrin Derya-5Haluk Kısmet-6Ander Karmele

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team 4. Takım:Derya BEKTAŞ :1Maiu Karmele-2Burak Nasiye-3Dylan Daniela-4Nesrin Derya-5Haluk Kısmet-6Ander Karmele

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Student Burak Teacher Nasiye Antalya Science and Art Center

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team 5. Takım: Hicran ÖZÜM SOYLU:1Enes NURCAN-2İsmail Derya-3Ocroteală Alexandra Iuliana-4Ahmet Filiz-5Aktuğ NURCAN-6Arda Derya

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team 5. Takım: Hicran ÖZÜM SOYLU:1Enes NURCAN-2İsmail Derya-3Ocroteală Alexandra Iuliana-4Ahmet Filiz-5Aktuğ NURCAN-6Arda Derya

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Student Ocroteală Alexandra Teacher Iuliana Roman

Zinca Golescu National College

The statistic shows the level of carbon dioxide emissions in Romania from 2000 to 2022. Emission levels mostly decreased during the period, falling from 98.3 million tons of carbon dioxide emitted in 2006 to 65.7 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emitted in 2022.

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The statistic shows the level of carbon dioxide emissions in Romania from 2000 to 2022. Emission levels mostly decreased during the period, falling from 98.3 million tons of carbon dioxide emitted in 2006 to 65.7 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emitted in 2022.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Romania 2022 | Statista

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The statistic shows the level of carbon dioxide emissions in Romania from 2000 to 2022.

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team  6:Hatice ATİK :1Diego Daniela-2Aitor Karmele-3Nicula Bianca,Iuliana-4Yiğit Hicran-5Mert Hatice-6Ceren Nehir

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team  6:Hatice ATİK :1Diego Daniela-2Aitor Karmele-3Nicula Bianca,Iuliana-4Yiğit Hicran-5Mert Hatice-6Ceren Nehir

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Hatice ATİK Konya Karatay Science And Art Center Aynur ONAN-Ayşe Sena Şahin-Azra Reyyan KAVALCI

Student Bianca Nicula, teacher Iuliana Roman

Zinca Golescu National College

Greenhouse gases act like greenhouse walls: they absorb the sun's heat reflected off the Earth's surface, trap it in the atmosphere, and prevent it from reaching space. The greenhouse effect keeps the Earth's temperature warm at an acceptable level, supporting life on Earth.

We can see their effect in this simulation:

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/greenhouse-effect/latest/greenhouse-effect_all.html

Many greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, but human activity contributes to their accumulation. As a result, the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere is enhanced. It alters our planet's climate, leading to changes in snowfall and rainfall patterns, an increase in average temperatures, and extreme weather events such as heat waves and floods.

There are different types of greenhouse gases and their global warming potential varies.

Gases found naturally in the atmosphere - but also generated by human activities - include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) are artificial gases used in industry with a high global warming potential, often several thousand times stronger than CO2. These include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).

F-gases are often used as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances - man-made chemicals that, once emitted, reach the upper atmosphere and destroy the protective ozone layer. Unlike ozone-depleting substances, F-gases do not damage the atmospheric ozone layer.

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Konya'da Son Yıllarda Yapılan Hava Kirliliğini Azaltma Yönündeki Projeler - Karatay Bilsem

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Student Ionuț Tudoran, Teacher Iuliana Roman

Zinca Golescu National College

The EU's climate law sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions: they should fall by 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, and the EU should reach net zero emissions by 2050.

To achieve these goals, the EU takes a wide range of measures:

reduce transport emissions

sets energy saving rules and invests in renewable sources

prevents greenhouse gas-emitting industries from relocating outside the EU to avoid strict standards

consolidates the world's first major carbon market - the European Emissions Trading System

sets reduction targets for each EU country

supports forests and other carbon sequestration areas

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Romania: Per capita: how much CO₂ does the average person emit?

Annual emissions figures are often used to compare countries' contribution to climate change. But this metric often reflects differences in population size across the world.

To understand the 'footprint' of the average person in a given country, this chart shows per capita emissions.

These figures reflect 'production-based' emissions, so do not correct for traded goods.

Two tips on how you can interact with this chart

Romania: What are the country's annual CO₂ emissions?

This interactive chart shows how much carbon dioxide (CO ₂) is produced in a given year.

A few points to keep in mind when considering this data:

These figures are based on 'production' or 'territorial' emissions (i.e. emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, or cement production within a country's borders). It does not consider the emissions of traded goods (consumption-based emissions). You find consumption-based emissions later in this country profile.

These figures look specifically at CO₂ emissions - not total greenhouse gas emissions. You find total, and other greenhouse gas emissions, later in this country profile.

Annual emissions can be largely influenced by population size - we present the per capita figures above.

Romania: Year-on-year change: what is the percentage change in CO₂ emissions?

This interactive chart shows the year-on-year growth in annual CO ₂ emissions.

A positive figure indicates that the emissions in a given year were higher than the previous year.

A negative figure indicates that emissions were lower than the previous year.

Year-to-year changes in emissions can vary a lot - this can create a particularly 'noisy' time series.

When we only look at emissions produced today, we fail to recognise historical responsibility for emissions in recent decades or centuries.

This interactive chart shows cumulative CO ₂ emissions - the sum of emissions produced since 1751 to the given year. This allows us to understand how much of the total CO ₂ emissions to date has been emitted by a given country.

Romania: Consumption-based accounting: how do emissions compare when we adjust for trade?

When countries set targets, measure or compare CO ₂ emissions, they tend to focus on production-based emissions - CO ₂ emitted within a country's own borders. However, this fails to capture emissions from traded goods - the CO ₂ emitted in the production of goods elsewhere, which are later imported (or the opposite: emissions from goods that are exported).

We can estimate consumption-based CO ₂ emissions by correcting for trade. These emissions are shown in the interactive chart. Note that the resolution of data needed to calculate this is not available for all countries.

→ We provide more detail on consumption-based emissions in our article ' How do CO2 emissions compare when we adjust for trade? '

Looking at a country's annual emissions is useful, but it can be hard to put these numbers in context of the global total. Is 10 million tonnes of CO ₂ large or small; what about 100 million; or 1 billion tonnes?

This interactive chart shows annual emissions as a percentage of the global total in a given year.

Just as with annual emissions, simply presenting cumulative CO ₂ figures can be hard to contextualize. Has a given country's contribution to the global total been large or small?

This chart shows the country's cumulative emissions as a share of global cumulative emissions.

Coal, oil, gas, cement: how much does each contribute to CO₂ emissions?

CO ₂ emissions are dominated by the burning of fossil fuels for energy production, and industrial production of materials such as cement.

What is the contribution of each fuel source to the country's CO ₂ emissions?

This interactive chart shows the breakdown of annual CO ₂ emissions by source: either coal, oil, gas, cement production or gas flaring. This breakdown is strongly influenced by the energy mix of a given country, and changes as a country shifts to or from a given energy source.

How you can interact with this chart

Romania: How are CO₂ emissions from different fuels changing?

The chart above allows us to see the breakdown of CO ₂ emissions by fuel type. But it makes it more difficult to see the absolute change in particular fuel sources over time.

This interactive chart shows the same data - CO ₂ emissions from coal, oil, gas, cement and flaring - but as individual lines to see clearly how each is changing over time.

In discussions on climate change, we tend to focus on carbon dioxide (CO ₂) - the most dominant greenhouse gas produced by the burning of fossil fuels, industrial production, and land use change.

But CO ₂ is not the only greenhouse gas that is driving global climate change. There are a number of others - methane, nitrous oxide, and trace gases such as the group of 'F-gases' - which have contributed a significant amount of warming to date.

Here we look at total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the world, plus breakdowns of other major gases including methane and nitrous oxide.

Romania: Total greenhouse gas emissions: how much does the average person emit? Where do emissions come from?

The charts above focused on carbon dioxide (CO ₂). But CO ₂ is not the only greenhouse gas. Others, including methane and nitrous oxide, have also had a significant impact on global warming to date.

The first interactive chart shows per capita greenhouse gas emissions. This is measured as the sum of all greenhouse gases, and given by a metric called 'carbon dioxide equivalents'.

'Carbon dioxide equivalents' try to correct for the fact that one unit (e.g. a tonne) of a given gas doesn't have the same same impact on warming as another. We therefore multiply the emissions of each gas by its 'global warming potential' (GWP) value: this measures the amount of warming one tonne of that gas would create relative to one tonne of CO ₂.

The other interactive chart shows where these emissions come from: the contribution of each sector.

→ We provide more detail on total greenhouse gas emissions in our sub-page ' Greenhouse gas emissions '.

Romania: Methane: how much does the average person emit? Where do emissions come from?

Methane (CH ₄) is a strong greenhouse gas, mainly produced through agricultural activities (e.g. livestock and rice production), in addition to leakages from oil and gas production (called 'fugitive emissions').

This first interactive chart here shows per capita emissions of methane each year. This is measured in 'carbon dioxide equivalents'.

The other interactive chart shows where these emissions come from: the contribution of each sector.

→ We look at the breakdown of methane sources in our sub-page ' Emissions by sector '.

Romania: Nitrous oxide: how much does the average person emit? Where do emissions come from?

Nitrous oxide (N ₂ O) is a strong greenhouse gas, that is mainly produced from agricultural activities (e.g. from the use of synthetic and organic fertilizers to grow crops).

This first interactive chart here shows per capita emissions of nitrous oxide each year. This is measured in 'carbon dioxide equivalents'.

The other interactive chart shows where these emissions come from: the contribution of each sector.

→ We look at the breakdown of nitrous oxide sources in our sub-page ' Emissions by sector '.

Romania: Energy intensity: how much energy does it use per unit of GDP?

Since energy is such a large contributor to CO ₂, reducing energy consumption can inevitably help to reduce emissions. However, some energy consumption is essential to human wellbeing and rising living standards.

Energy intensity can therefore be a useful metric to monitor. Energy intensity measures the amount of energy consumed per unit of gross domestic product. It effectively measures how efficiently a country uses energy to produce a given amount of economic output. A lower energy intensity means it needs less energy per unit of GDP.

This interactive chart shows energy intensity.

Two tips on how you can interact with this chart

Romania: Carbon intensity: how much carbon does it emit per unit of energy?

Energy intensity - shown in the chart above - is one important metric to monitor whether countries are making progress in reducing emissions. The other key part of this equation is carbon intensity: the amount of CO ₂ emitted per unit of energy.

We can reduce emissions by (1) using less energy; and/or (2) using lower-carbon energy.

This metric monitors the second option. As we transition our energy mix towards lower-carbon sources (such as renewables or nuclear energy), the amount of carbon we emit per unit of energy should fall.

This chart shows carbon intensity - measured in kilograms of CO ₂ emitted per kilogram of oil equivalent consumed.

Romania: Has economic growth decoupled from CO₂ emissions?

To reduce emissions and achieve increasing prosperity at the same time, we have to decouple economic growth from CO ₂ emissions. Several countries have achieved this in recent years.

The chart here shows whether this country has achieved this by showing the change in GDP per capita, and annual per capita CO ₂ emissions over time.

We show both production-based and consumption-based emissions (for countries where this data is available). This allows us to see whether the import of production from other countries - or the export to other countries - has affected this change in emissions.

The next chart shows the same metric, but without adjusting for population. It shows the change in total annual CO ₂ emissions and GDP.

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Romania: How much CO2 does your country emit? Are emissions falling? How does it compare to other countries?

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team  8:Iuliana ROMA:1Leonor Carla-2Ertuğrul Hatice-3Furkan Kısmet-4Rana ALPARSLAN-5Mert Derya-6Nisa Nehir

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team  8:Iuliana ROMA:1Leonor Carla-2Ertuğrul Hatice-3Furkan Kısmet-4Rana ALPARSLAN-5Mert Derya-6Nisa Nehir

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Hatice ATİK Konya Karatay Science And Art Center Aynur ONAN-Ayşe Sena Şahin-Azra Reyyan KAVALCI

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team 9 :Nasiye YAMAÇ ŞAHİN :1Marinoiu Luca Iuliana-2Ömer Hicran-3Yelda Nehir-4İker Karmele-5Paula Karmele-6Neaţă Vlad Iuliana

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team 9 :Nasiye YAMAÇ ŞAHİN :1Marinoiu Luca Iuliana-2Ömer Hicran-3Yelda Nehir-4İker Karmele-5Paula Karmele-6Neaţă Vlad Iuliana

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Students Luca Marinoiu and Vlad Neață, Teacher Iuliana Roman

Zinca Golescu National College

The CO2 emissions reduction fair.

On 28 November 2019, the European Parliament adopted a resolution that solicits the UE to reach climate neutrality by 2050 under the Paris Agreement and setting a 55% emission reduction target by 2030.

Civil aviation produces 13.4% of the total CO2 emissions of the EU transport sector. The EU also wants to eliminate free aviation allowances by 2026.

România Recorder a 6.6% increase in carbon dioxide emissions generated by burning fossil fuels in 2021 compared to 2020.

For context, we must understand that these emissions are accounted for under the law of the country where the fuel is burned to generate electricity.

I think you all asked yourself this question: What is the purpose of COP26?

The United Climat Change Conference is a major event that brings together leaders from all countries of the world to agree on ways to step up global action to tackle climate change.

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Student Eda Teacher Nasiye Antalya Science and Art Center

Student Alexandru Neacșu, Teacher Iuliana Roman

Zinca Golescu National College

Human activities are responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which in turn lead to anthropogenic climate change. The European Union (EU) is actively engaged in global efforts to combat climate change and reduce GHG emissions, with a commitment to achieving climate neutrality by 2050.

Between 1990 and 2021 (the most recent year for which data officially reported to UNFCCC are available), GHG emissions in the EU have decreased by 28%. The year 2020 witnessed a significant decline primarily due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, by 2021, GHG emissions began to rise again, returning to the levels consistent with the long-term trend. Key factors contributing to the sustained reduction in total GHG emissions include advancements in energy efficiency and changes in the energy mix.

Approximately three-quarters of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions stem from fuel combustion activities. This encompasses a variety of processes, such as generating electricity and heat (in energy industries), manufacturing goods and constructing buildings and infrastructure (in manufacturing industries and construction sectors), heating buildings and water (in households, commerce, etc.), and transporting freight and people.

The remaining portion, roughly one-quarter of total GHG emissions, originates from other activities that predominantly do not entail fuel combustion. These include industrial processes and product uses, agricultural practices, and waste management.

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Climate_change_-_driving_forces#Total_emissions.2C_main_breakdowns_by_source_and_general_drivers

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Forest fires increasing carbon dioxide emissions in atmosphere

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‘Türkiye’s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2021 were 564 million tons,’ says professor - Anadolu Ajansı

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team11 Filiz ARSLAN EREN :1Yusuf ALPARSLAN-2Marin Ioana Iuliana-3Janitz Karmele-4İpek Hicran-5Zeynep ALPARSLAN-6Hodei Karmele

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team11 Filiz ARSLAN EREN :1Yusuf ALPARSLAN-2Marin Ioana Iuliana-3Janitz Karmele-4İpek Hicran-5Zeynep ALPARSLAN-6Hodei Karmele

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Student Ioana Marin Teacher Iuliana Roman

Zinca Golescu Național College

Greenhouse gases constitute a group of gases contributing to global warming and climate change.

The Kyoto Protocol, an environmental agreement adopted by many of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1997 to curb global warming, nowadays covers seven greenhouse gases:

the non-fluorinated gases:

carbon dioxide (CO2)

methane (CH4)

nitrous oxide (N2O)

the fluorinated gases:

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

Converting them to carbon dioxide (or CO2) equivalents makes it possible to compare them and determine their individual and total contributions to global warming.

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emission_statistics_-_emission_inventories

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team Takım 12:Karmele BLANCO :1Eren Hatice-2Muhammed Emin Nasiye-3Beril Hicran-4Hazal ALPARSLAN-5Ayşegül Kısmet-6Zehra NURCAN

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team Takım 12:Karmele BLANCO :1Eren Hatice-2Muhammed Emin Nasiye-3Beril Hicran-4Hazal ALPARSLAN-5Ayşegül Kısmet-6Zehra NURCAN

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Student Muhammed Teacher Nasiye Antalya Science and Art Center

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Climate change is today accepted as being one of the biggest problems being faced on a global scale. Starting from the end of the 1980s, studies have been made under the leadership of the United Nations and international organisations in order to reduce the negative impact and pressure of humans on the climate system, and as a result, the United Nations Climate Change Environmental Agreement (UNCCEA) was established in 1992, followed by the Kyoto Protocol (KP) in 1997. While the UNCCEA and KP were on the one hand bringing legal regulations directed at restricting and reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases caused by humans, the international trade in emissions began to be more and more effective in the area of the movements of technology and capital, on the other.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was opened for signature at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio World Summit), held on 3-14 June 1992.

The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, containing the binding targets for reducing the greenhouse gases all around the world, was signed at the third session of the Conference of Parties (COP3) held in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan.
According the protocol, the countries in the appendix 1 had to decrease their man-made greenhouse gas emission levels under the 5% of the levels of the year 1990 in the 2008-2012 budget period.

The rules for entry into force demand that at least 55 Parties to the UNFCCC ratify the Protocol and that those include industrialised countries (Annex I countries) accounting for at least 55% of the CO2 emissions in 1990. Therefore, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005 after being approved by Russian Federation on 18 November 2004.

The Paris Agreement was open for signature by states and regional economic integration organizations that are parties to the UNFCCC (the Convention) from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017 at the UN Headquarters in New York. Turkey has signed Paris Agreement on April 22nd, 2017. However, as negotiations on the special situation continued, it was not approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.

The Paris Agreement could not take effect until at least 55 nations representing at least 55 percent of global emissions had formally joined. This happened on October 5, 2016, and the agreement went into force 30 days later on November 4, 2016. Today 160 Parties have ratified the Paris Agreement, of 197 Parties to the Convention.
In 2016, COP22 which was organized at Marrakesh in Morocco, negotiations continued in order to solve issues that were incomplete and could not be resolved by the Paris Agreement.

Today, around 3.9 billion people live in the cities, however, it is estimated that this figure will increase over 6 billion (around 62% of the global population) by 2050. Today's cities hosting more than half of the global population (54%) have vital importance in combatting climate change as they are responsible for 60-80% of the global energy consumption and for more than 70% of the global greenhouse gas emissions.

The urban heat islands cause the urban areas to warm up more compared to the rural areas, especially due to unplanned urbanisation and leads to many environmental problems. These problems vary from extreme weather events such as flood and storm caused by the rising sea level, to increase of drought, decrease of water required for agriculture and food, and spread of tropical diseases.

What is Global Warming?

Global warming is the ongoing rise of the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

The main causes of global warming;
1. Population growth
2. Energy consumption
3. Land use changes
4. Transportation

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MAtchUP Antalya - Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi

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MAtchUP Antalya - Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi

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team 13:Carla SOUSA :1Hüseyin Yiğit Hatice-2Davide Daniela-3Hasan Hicran-4Nilay NURCAN-5Beatriz Carla-6Eda Kısmet

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team 13:Carla SOUSA :1Hüseyin Yiğit Hatice-2Davide Daniela-3Hasan Hicran-4Nilay NURCAN-5Beatriz Carla-6Eda Kısmet

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Hatice ATİK Konya Karatay Science And Art Center Aynur ONAN-Ayşe Sena Şahin-Azra Reyyan KAVALCI

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Ülkelerin Gelişmişliği ve CO2 Emisyonu Analizi - Karatay Bilsem

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Student Eşem Teacher Nasiye Antalya Science and Art Center

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Student Eşem Teacher Nasiye Antalya Science and Art Center

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Turkey: Per capita: how much CO₂ does the average person emit?

Annual emissions figures are often used to compare countries' contribution to climate change. But this metric often reflects differences in population size across the world.

To understand the 'footprint' of the average person in a given country, this chart shows per capita emissions.

These figures reflect 'production-based' emissions, so do not correct for traded goods.

Two tips on how you can interact with this chart

Turkey: What are the country's annual CO₂ emissions?

This interactive chart shows how much carbon dioxide (CO ₂) is produced in a given year.

A few points to keep in mind when considering this data:

These figures are based on 'production' or 'territorial' emissions (i.e. emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, or cement production within a country's borders). It does not consider the emissions of traded goods (consumption-based emissions). You find consumption-based emissions later in this country profile.

These figures look specifically at CO₂ emissions - not total greenhouse gas emissions. You find total, and other greenhouse gas emissions, later in this country profile.

Annual emissions can be largely influenced by population size - we present the per capita figures above.

Turkey: Year-on-year change: what is the percentage change in CO₂ emissions?

This interactive chart shows the year-on-year growth in annual CO ₂ emissions.

A positive figure indicates that the emissions in a given year were higher than the previous year.

A negative figure indicates that emissions were lower than the previous year.

Year-to-year changes in emissions can vary a lot - this can create a particularly 'noisy' time series.

When we only look at emissions produced today, we fail to recognise historical responsibility for emissions in recent decades or centuries.

This interactive chart shows cumulative CO ₂ emissions - the sum of emissions produced since 1751 to the given year. This allows us to understand how much of the total CO ₂ emissions to date has been emitted by a given country.

Turkey: Consumption-based accounting: how do emissions compare when we adjust for trade?

When countries set targets, measure or compare CO ₂ emissions, they tend to focus on production-based emissions - CO ₂ emitted within a country's own borders. However, this fails to capture emissions from traded goods - the CO ₂ emitted in the production of goods elsewhere, which are later imported (or the opposite: emissions from goods that are exported).

We can estimate consumption-based CO ₂ emissions by correcting for trade. These emissions are shown in the interactive chart. Note that the resolution of data needed to calculate this is not available for all countries.

→ We provide more detail on consumption-based emissions in our article ' How do CO2 emissions compare when we adjust for trade? '

Looking at a country's annual emissions is useful, but it can be hard to put these numbers in context of the global total. Is 10 million tonnes of CO ₂ large or small; what about 100 million; or 1 billion tonnes?

This interactive chart shows annual emissions as a percentage of the global total in a given year.

Just as with annual emissions, simply presenting cumulative CO ₂ figures can be hard to contextualize. Has a given country's contribution to the global total been large or small?

This chart shows the country's cumulative emissions as a share of global cumulative emissions.

Coal, oil, gas, cement: how much does each contribute to CO₂ emissions?

CO ₂ emissions are dominated by the burning of fossil fuels for energy production, and industrial production of materials such as cement.

What is the contribution of each fuel source to the country's CO ₂ emissions?

This interactive chart shows the breakdown of annual CO ₂ emissions by source: either coal, oil, gas, cement production or gas flaring. This breakdown is strongly influenced by the energy mix of a given country, and changes as a country shifts to or from a given energy source.

How you can interact with this chart

Turkey: How are CO₂ emissions from different fuels changing?

The chart above allows us to see the breakdown of CO ₂ emissions by fuel type. But it makes it more difficult to see the absolute change in particular fuel sources over time.

This interactive chart shows the same data - CO ₂ emissions from coal, oil, gas, cement and flaring - but as individual lines to see clearly how each is changing over time.

In discussions on climate change, we tend to focus on carbon dioxide (CO ₂) - the most dominant greenhouse gas produced by the burning of fossil fuels, industrial production, and land use change.

But CO ₂ is not the only greenhouse gas that is driving global climate change. There are a number of others - methane, nitrous oxide, and trace gases such as the group of 'F-gases' - which have contributed a significant amount of warming to date.

Here we look at total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the world, plus breakdowns of other major gases including methane and nitrous oxide.

Turkey: Total greenhouse gas emissions: how much does the average person emit? Where do emissions come from?

The charts above focused on carbon dioxide (CO ₂). But CO ₂ is not the only greenhouse gas. Others, including methane and nitrous oxide, have also had a significant impact on global warming to date.

The first interactive chart shows per capita greenhouse gas emissions. This is measured as the sum of all greenhouse gases, and given by a metric called 'carbon dioxide equivalents'.

'Carbon dioxide equivalents' try to correct for the fact that one unit (e.g. a tonne) of a given gas doesn't have the same same impact on warming as another. We therefore multiply the emissions of each gas by its 'global warming potential' (GWP) value: this measures the amount of warming one tonne of that gas would create relative to one tonne of CO ₂.

The other interactive chart shows where these emissions come from: the contribution of each sector.

→ We provide more detail on total greenhouse gas emissions in our sub-page ' Greenhouse gas emissions '.

Turkey: Methane: how much does the average person emit? Where do emissions come from?

Methane (CH ₄) is a strong greenhouse gas, mainly produced through agricultural activities (e.g. livestock and rice production), in addition to leakages from oil and gas production (called 'fugitive emissions').

This first interactive chart here shows per capita emissions of methane each year. This is measured in 'carbon dioxide equivalents'.

The other interactive chart shows where these emissions come from: the contribution of each sector.

→ We look at the breakdown of methane sources in our sub-page ' Emissions by sector '.

Turkey: Nitrous oxide: how much does the average person emit? Where do emissions come from?

Nitrous oxide (N ₂ O) is a strong greenhouse gas, that is mainly produced from agricultural activities (e.g. from the use of synthetic and organic fertilizers to grow crops).

This first interactive chart here shows per capita emissions of nitrous oxide each year. This is measured in 'carbon dioxide equivalents'.

The other interactive chart shows where these emissions come from: the contribution of each sector.

→ We look at the breakdown of nitrous oxide sources in our sub-page ' Emissions by sector '.

Turkey: Energy intensity: how much energy does it use per unit of GDP?

Since energy is such a large contributor to CO ₂, reducing energy consumption can inevitably help to reduce emissions. However, some energy consumption is essential to human wellbeing and rising living standards.

Energy intensity can therefore be a useful metric to monitor. Energy intensity measures the amount of energy consumed per unit of gross domestic product. It effectively measures how efficiently a country uses energy to produce a given amount of economic output. A lower energy intensity means it needs less energy per unit of GDP.

This interactive chart shows energy intensity.

Two tips on how you can interact with this chart

Turkey: Carbon intensity: how much carbon does it emit per unit of energy?

Energy intensity - shown in the chart above - is one important metric to monitor whether countries are making progress in reducing emissions. The other key part of this equation is carbon intensity: the amount of CO ₂ emitted per unit of energy.

We can reduce emissions by (1) using less energy; and/or (2) using lower-carbon energy.

This metric monitors the second option. As we transition our energy mix towards lower-carbon sources (such as renewables or nuclear energy), the amount of carbon we emit per unit of energy should fall.

This chart shows carbon intensity - measured in kilograms of CO ₂ emitted per kilogram of oil equivalent consumed.

Turkey: Has economic growth decoupled from CO₂ emissions?

To reduce emissions and achieve increasing prosperity at the same time, we have to decouple economic growth from CO ₂ emissions. Several countries have achieved this in recent years.

The chart here shows whether this country has achieved this by showing the change in GDP per capita, and annual per capita CO ₂ emissions over time.

We show both production-based and consumption-based emissions (for countries where this data is available). This allows us to see whether the import of production from other countries - or the export to other countries - has affected this change in emissions.

The next chart shows the same metric, but without adjusting for population. It shows the change in total annual CO ₂ emissions and GDP.

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Turkey: How much CO2 does your country emit? Are emissions falling? How does it compare to other countries?

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team5 Enes student ,Kadirli Science and Art center

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team5 Enes student ,Kadirli Science and Art center

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Our country signed the Paris Agreement with 175 country representatives at the High Level Signing Ceremony held in New York on April 22, 2016, and it was emphasized in our National Declaration that we signed the Agreement as a developing country.

The Paris Agreement was approved by the Presidential Decree on October 7, 2021, and the domestic legal approval process has been completed. The agreement ratification document, together with our national declaration, was deposited with the UN Secretariat on 11 October 2021.

In addition, our country's net zero emission target for 2053 was announced by our President.

The Paris Agreement Work Program (Rule Book), which includes issues on how the Paris Agreement will be implemented, was completed at the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP 26) hosted by the United Kingdom (UK) in Glasgow between 31 October and 13 November 2021.

In other words, the Paris Agreement, which regulates the post-2020 climate regime, has been made functional.eacher

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Team 13,Student Nilay Kadirli Science and Art Center 

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Team 13,Student Nilay Kadirli Science and Art Center 

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What does net zero emissions mean? Net zero emissions; It means equalizing the amount of greenhouse gas we produce with the amount of greenhouse gas naturally absorbed by the earth. The emission of harmful gases does not stop completely, but this amount is balanced by absorbing an equivalent amount of gas from the atmosphere.

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team 12 Student Zehra ,Kadirli Science and art center

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team 12 Student Zehra ,Kadirli Science and art center

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The Antalya Ministerial Declaration of the 22nd Conference of the Parties to the Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution (COP22) has been published. In the declaration, the entire Mediterranean was declared a "Sulfur Dioxide Emission Control Area".

The 22nd Conference of the Parties to the "Barcelona Convention", also known as the "Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Against Pollution" (COP22), was completed in Antalya, hosted by Turkey.

Ministers and representatives of the countries party to the Barcelona Convention; The Mediterranean as a whole was declared a "Sulfur Emission Control Area (SECA)" at the Conference attended by UN organizations UNEP, UNEP MAP and UNDP, non-governmental organizations and scientists, and opened by the Minister of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change Murat Kurum. Important decisions such as these were signed.