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On April 23, 1635, the first public school in what would become the United States was established in Boston, Massachusetts.

First Public School in America. (n.d.). https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/first-public-school-america/

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Puritans in Massachusetts established the first compulsory education law in the New World through the Act of 1642, which required parents and apprenticeship masters to education their children and apprentices in the principles of Puritan religion and the laws of commonwealth

Wells, M., & Clayton, C. (n.d.). Foundations of American Education: A critical lens. Foundations of American Education A Critical Lens. https://viva.pressbooks.pub/foundationsofamericaneducation/

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Federalists-supported mass schooling for nationalistic purposes, such as preserving order, moraality, and a nationalistic character. (Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, John Adams, and Noah Webster)

Anti-Federalists- were opposed to a strong central government and believed education should be locally controlled and not have. (Thomas Jefferson)

Democratic-Republican Societies- supported universal government-funded schooling, to develop democratic citizen virtues and venues for deliberative learning and opportunities for dissent.

Wells, M., & Clayton, C. (n.d.). Foundations of American Education: A critical lens. Foundations of American Education A Critical Lens. https://viva.pressbooks.pub/foundationsofamericaneducation/

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The common school movement emerged, advocating for free, publicly funded education for all children. Horace Mann, often considered the father of American public education, played a significant role in promoting this movement.

History and evolution of public education in the US. US Department of Education. (n.d.). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED606970.pdf

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Massuchussets enacts the first Compulsory Education Law. This law requires children to attend school for a certain number of years. By 1918 all states have some form of compulsory attendance.

Historical milestones in american education. FutureEd. (2023, November 28). https://www.future-ed.org/u-s-education-timeline/

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Ten state education associations issue a call to “unite … to advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their calling.” At first, only men can join, but women are welcomed in 1866 (now the National Education Association)

Holcomb, S. (n.d.). The history of nea. NEA. https://www.nea.org/about-nea/mission-vision-values/history-nea

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John Dewey was instrumental in leading the Progressive education movement. This movement emphasized child-centered learning, experiential education, and the development of critical thinking skills.

Gibbon, P., Skinner, D., & Fuller, R. (n.d.). John Dewey: Portrait of a progressive thinker. The National Endowment for the Humanities. https://www.neh.gov/article/john-dewey-portrait-progressive-thinker

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The U.S. Supreme Courth ruled unanimously (9–0) that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibits the states from denying equal protection of the laws to any person within their jurisdictions.

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2024, January 21). Brown v. Board of Education. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka

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The Higher Education Act (HEA) is a federal law that governs the administration of federal higher education programs. Its purpose is to strengthen the educational resources of our colleges and universities and to provide financial assistance for students in postsecondary and higher education.

Title IX prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in federally funded education program or activity in colleges, universities, and elementary and secondary schools.

Wells, M., & Clayton, C. (n.d.). Foundations of American Education: A critical lens. Foundations of American Education A Critical Lens. https://viva.pressbooks.pub/foundationsofamericaneducation/

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Formation of the Department of Education 1979

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Formation of the Department of Education 1979

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President Jimmy Carter created the federal Department of Education. A Nation at Risk led to standardss-based reform like No Child Left Behind, and social emotional learning emerged.

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No Child Left behind becomes Every Student Succeeds Act 2015

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No Child Left behind becomes Every Student Succeeds Act 2015

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Reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, replacing No Child Left Behind Act of 2002, and allows states greater flexibility in creating school accountability systems.

Historical milestones in american education. FutureEd. (2023, November 28). https://www.future-ed.org/u-s-education-timeline/

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Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act 2020

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Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act 2020

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Provides $13 billion in pandemic recovery aid, known as Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief (ESSER) funds, for K-12 schools. Two additional rounds of funding increase federal pandemic response assistance to schools to $189 billion, the largest one-time federal infusion of school funding in history.

Historical milestones in american education. FutureEd. (2023, November 28). https://www.future-ed.org/u-s-education-timeline/