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Reassure them that it is okay to not fully understand something. If you yourself didn't know it until someone told you, tell them that

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Reassure them that it's ok top ask questions and that they are in a judgment free zone as to make them feel comfortable with admitting they might need help. Next, you can ask them what parts they want to focus on.

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take a break after explaining something and ask them to recap in their own words what was covered. Can also try to have them to do an example problem, or teach the material to you.

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One method can be asking directly if they understand the topic or subject of interest and then proceeding to use open-ended questions to back track to where they got lost

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Encourage that it's ok to not understand, it's a part of the learning process. Using language that promotes positive thinking like "What part isn't as clear" compared to "what don't you understand"

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Hand the student a white-board marker and see how far they can get on the problem, ask the student to recap the session in their own words.

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Approach with a different method of learning

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Use the socratic method to guage their exact level of understanding and comfort after you realize they don't fully understand.

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Use the socratic method to guage their exact level of understanding and comfort after you realize they don't fully understand.

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have them share what they do feel confident about so you can build off of that

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Ask them questions about what their learning style is, ask them how they understand information best: ask if they learn visually or verbally etc.

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Find the spots that you can see the student struggling with the most and focus on those parts and encouraging them. Even try approaching the problem a different way.

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Sometimes directly asking the student if this part is unclear to them or if they aren't confident about a certain part is helpful instead of beating around the bush. As long as the language is still positive and it doesn't sound patronizing

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check for understanding through open-ended questions to see where the student is after that. Try to get the student to repeat the information back to you for their understanding as well. If the student doesn't understand we can approach the problem another way using the students ideas.

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Student isn't asking any questions or giving input.

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to go back to where you lost the student and reexplain in a new way

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They might fidget with something on the table. They also can answer with very brief remarks since they lack understanding.

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Having student do a similar problem (specific to math) to check where they are at

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asking the student to try and do the problem/prompt on their own with the help you provided to them to see where they may be stuck on/not understanding

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Sudden loss of eye contact with the tutor

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Sudden loss of eye contact with the tutor

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Lack of engagement, body language not showing interest/understanding

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when they are no longer actively listening and engaged and are just nodding along

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when they don't answer questions or don't participate

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Giving short answer responses and avoiding talking about the subject more in-depth

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Short answers to questions, maybe saying a quick "yea" when you ask if they are tracking.

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If you know they don't understand, try approaching the problem a different way, since the first method might not make sense to them, but another would.

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when they fall silent or stop participating, this may indicate that they are not confident in their respose

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looking away, seeming disinterested in the material could be a sign that they're not paying attention

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body language, sometimes they will tell you directly that they do not understand a certain topic

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having the student explain to you the concept you are working on in their own words that way you can see what seems to have stuck with them so far and maybe what they still need  help on