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Emotional or resource(such as money) dependence on the spouse.

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I feel like a limitation could be at what age they get married and under what circumstances they get married under; for example, are there cultural reasonings for marriage? Was there an accidental pregency?

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Financial limitations as marriage often comes with an expensive cost. Along with the costs of getting married and having to pay the price of a wedding if one wishes to , finances most likely become a joint responsibility which can limit one party from how much they are personally spending.

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I think the quality of a marriage is also very important when talking about the marriage effect. Although it was spoken about briefly, it should have been a whole topic considering how important of a role a healthy marriage plays, because often times a bad marriage can lead to more delinquent behaviours rather then take someone away from them.

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possible inquiry towards samples of the marriage effect

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possible inquiry towards samples of the marriage effect

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geographical location of samples as well as cultural perspectives

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I think studies also need to examine the opposite end of the spectrum where marriage may push someone to more delinquent behaviour. This could be due to an unhealthy relationship where they feel like their partner is very controlling or where they are being mistreated, causing them to seek out their peers who may be engaging in delinquent behaviours. I think it would also be interesting at people who are marrying individuals that come from a similar criminal background to see the potential impact that that could have on the marriage effect, if it has any.

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I agree that a lot of the foundational research surrounding marriage and crime have a lot of holes.. In my opinion, one really important limitation is where you get married. I say this because different countries and their governments provide different incentives/disincentives to getting married. People in poor countries will have different views on marriage compared to people in developed countries. I think this also might have an affect on delinquency because one of the main sources of contention in marriages is over finances. So naturally, people getting married in poorer countries with less help from the government might have poorer quality spousal relationships and as a result increased delinquency.

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1. Quality of Marriage

Of course, not all marriages are equal. Some individuals have a happy, supportive relationship, whereas others are in stressful or otherwise unsupportive ones. Looking at the quality of marriage may better clarify whether marriage is truly helpful across the board.

2. Economic and Racial Inequalities

Marriage doesn’t help everyone equally. People with less money or from different racial backgrounds may not get the same benefits from marriage. Money problems or unfair treatment can make marriage more stressful. Research should look at how money and race change the effects of marriage.

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The quality of the marriage, an unhappy or unstable marriage may not lead to desistance and could even increase negative behaviours.

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Long-term effects; do the protective effects of marriage persist or does it diminish overtime?

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I think the age that individuals get married would have a significant effect. People getting married young have not fully matured yet and this may impact the decisions they make.

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I believe that men and women often experience unequal benefits from marriage, with men gaining more health advantages and women frequently taking on caregiving responsibilities.

Examining gender differences is important to understand how marriage impacts individuals unequally, guiding more inclusive research to ensure benefits are equitable for all.

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financial, social and cultural norms, changing definitions of marriage

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Research on gender differences in the marriage effect is not fully explored. Men and women may be impacted by marriage in different ways, particularly concerning emotional support, household labor division, and social expectations.

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Limitations of the marriage effect could be things like, the age an individual marries, as the younger one is the more immature they could be hence cancelling out the marriage effect. Religion could also be a limitation in the marriage effect theory.

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I think that one of the limitations would be the reason why someone is getting married. This ties directly to the quality of the marriage. If the marriage is forced by parents or due to cultural values, than the strength of that marriage is more likely than not to be weak. If one gets married because of pregnancy for example, that can put a lot of stress on the relationship itself. Getting married because both people genuinely like each other and don't have other interfering factors means that the quality of the marriage is likely to be better.

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I think geographical location as well as cultural influences should be taken into account when studying the marriage effect. There is a big focus on gender, particularly males, however as discussed in this module, culture has a significant influence on how we view marriage and what we seem to get out of it. Cross-referencing quality of marriage with culture or geographical location might yield more specific results in terms of the marriage effect.

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A limitation could be the mental well-being of a person this could be what is affecting their delinquency and can affect how they choose their significant others.

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another limitation may be the Financial standing of both parties, as well as the quality of marriage may be one of the biggest ones. Two people may love each other very much but the communication skills may lack for one person making the other person feel lesser about themselves. Or looking at it from a cultural perspective, two people have been arranged to be married but may not be a good fit personality wise, and have a bit of a different view on things creating life long tension. 

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another limitation may be the Financial standing of both parties, as well as the quality of marriage may be one of the biggest ones. Two people may love each other very much but the communication skills may lack for one person making the other person feel lesser about themselves. Or looking at it from a cultural perspective, two people have been arranged to be married but may not be a good fit personality wise, and have a bit of a different view on things creating life long tension. 

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Research on the marriage effect on spouses who come from different race or ethnic groups.

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The "marriage effect" research often overlooks the diversity in relational dynamics and sociocultural contexts, reducing marriage to a monolithic construct. One limitation is its neglect of the power imbalances within marriages, such as how intimate partner violence or financial dependency might skew perceived benefits. Another area of inquiry could explore whether the "effect" is causally linked to marriage itself or to the societal privileges afforded to married individuals - privileges inaccessible to cohabiting or single individuals. Finally, examining how intersecting factors like race, immigration status, or gender identity mediate or negate the marriage effect could reveal whether it’s genuinely universal or an artifact of normative Western ideals. Such inquiries would deconstruct marriage as a presumed remedy, advancing a more inclusive understanding.

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Limitations to "Marriage Effect" Research: 

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Limitations to "Marriage Effect" Research: 

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The "marriage effect," which often suggests that being married may confer various psychological and economic benefits, has several limitations that researchers must address. First, the overwhelming reliance on correlational data can be misleading, as it does not account for underlying factors that might influence marital status and well-being, such as socio-economic background, education, or personal characteristics. Moreover, this effect may not be uniformly positive across different demographics; for example, marriage may exert various advantages for some groups while posing challenges for others, particularly in cases of strained relationships or differing gender expectations. Hence, further exploration into the nuances of these dynamics is crucial to understanding the complex interplay between marriage, individual happiness, and overall life satisfaction.

Additionally, there is a need for more comprehensive longitudinal studies that track individuals over time to understand better how the marriage effect evolves throughout different life stages. Current research often fails to differentiate between the effects of being in a marriage versus cohabitating or being single, further complicating our understanding of relational dynamics. Inquiries into the quality of marriage - rather than just the marital status - are vital, as a healthy marriage may yield distinct benefits compared to a tumultuous one. Furthermore, cultural perspectives on marriage can shape its perceived effects, necessitating a more global view that accounts for varied societal norms and values surrounding relationships. By addressing these gaps, future research can offer a more refined perspective on the effect of marriage and its implications for individual and societal well-being.

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In regards to economic factors, some individuals may choose not to get married not only because of the cost of weddings but also because of the decrease in financial benefits they receive in a single or common-law relationship

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I believe that looking at dependents could provide some new insight as well. Marriage/common law with children vs. Marriage/common law without children. This could also create more of a conversation regarding romantic relationships as it adds the extra element of children vs. no children. I would argue that many adults attempt to change their life around after they have had children and typically I see that most people have children in and around the time that they get married. Could this be an additional factor?

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Limitations to the "Marriage Effect" Research

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Limitations to the "Marriage Effect" Research

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The "Marriage Effect" promotes the desistance from crime. Other limitations that come to mind related to this research:

Increase of children being born before the couple are married

Those who find out they're having a child often commit to the relationship or it ends up being the reason the relationship falls apart regardless if they got married after the fact or left before the topic of marriage came up. Many have gotten married just do to the fact that a child was going to be born and not for any other reason as in they're thoughts it is the only right thing whether both partners wanted to stay with each other or not or if negative behaviours arose later on.

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As we all know, many people view marriage differently compared to others. It is hard to find a definitive conclusion on the relationship between crime and marriage as well as what the real definition of marriage nowadays. As mentioned, it could be from peers, background status or no relation at all. However, I think the limitations in the "Marriage Effect" research are psychological aspects and the cultural/background status of the individual before, during and after marriage. In the psychological aspects of marriage, some people see the true colors of their spouse during or after marriage and it causes a shift between relationships. What if the situation is where abuse became prominent after marriage? What if marriage pushes someone into committing a criminal behavior? Is it likely that one of the spouse file for prenuptial agreement? There are several factors that affects marriage and I believe it all leads to the quality of marriage, whether it's the before, during or after. The quality of a marriage—before, during, and after—affects both the relationship and criminal behavior. A strong, healthy marriage can reduce crime by providing emotional support and stability, encouraging law-abiding behavior. However, a troubled marriage, marked by conflict or abuse, can increase stress, fuel anger, and lead to criminal acts like domestic violence or substance abuse. The dynamics of the marriage at each stage can either deter or escalate criminal involvement.

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Cultural differences

Financial strains??

Gender roles

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The quality of the marriage is relevant to understanding how it protects against criminal behaviour, but many studies only examine whether someone is married. Conflict-ridden or abusive marriages can increase the risk of stress, emotional problems, and criminal behaviour rather than offering stability. Conversely, supportive marriages provide emotional safety, responsibility, and support for good behaviour, which helps to prevent crime. It ignores marital quality, oversimplifies its effect, and ignores how poor relationships might offset or reverse the protective effects. A focus on relationship dynamics is crucial for understanding the mechanisms behind the marriage effect.

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Environmental factors, geographical location, and financial factors.

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Marriage within middle to upper class marriages, usually have a positive effect on the one's economic/financial security, this ultimately can reduce one need to part-take in criminal behaviour. As for marriages within the lower class, they might not experience the same positive effect within there financial stability/security. Not having this security/stability can increase the possibility for individuals within the lower class to not desist of criminal behaviour.

This needs to be studied to see how the class system within North America affects one ability to remove themselves from these criminal situations.

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Limitations can include the quality of the relationship, age at marriage, social influence, as well as cultural influence.

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1. Reason for marriage

Arranged marriage by parents?

Accidental pregnancy?

Financial security?

Pressure of age?

2. Social status

Upper class - simple marriage with little struggles?

Middle class - normal/average marriage?

Lower class - lots of financial struggles?

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An area of inquiry that comes to mind when considering the "marriage effect" is the cases of incarcerated individuals who marry non-incarcerated individuals. Preparing for your life outside of a crime, while still having to serve a few more months or even years. Would this be an early example of marriage as a promotion of desistance?

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One factor to consider would be the values of the spouses. Say that both are involved with delinquency and criminal acts, there could be a chance that they encourage each other rather than discourage. There is also the quality of the marriage, if there is no respect or communication within the marriage, what is prompting them to wanting to be better and lead a better life for their significant other.

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The quality of marriage being unhappy or unstable might not lead to distance

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I think studies need to incorporate whether or not children are involved. Do they have children together? Do they have children from another relationship?

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People often connect getting married to something very expensive and costly, rather than the celebration itself. This definitely limits people from wanting to get married.

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Research on the "marriage effect" frequently ignores elements including relationship quality, cultural variations and socioeconomic status. Additionally, it may not take into consideration the impact of life stage or individual well being on results and may be constrained by sample biases.