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Land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.

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a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one.

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A form of government with a monarch at the head

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a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one.

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a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one,

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a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one

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The Dilean League was an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and formed in 478 BCE to liberate eastern Greek cities from Persian rule and as a defence to possible revenge attacks from Persia following the Greek victories at Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea in the early 5th century BCE

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The Hoplite Phalanx was the perfect manifestation of classical Greek society on the battlefield. Made up of middle-class men who had day jobs, the phanlanx was made to decide a war in a single bloody struggle

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a very powerful and influential nation

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a murderer of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons

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Mercenaries fight for money or other forms payment rather than for political interests

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a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

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The peace which existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire.

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An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.

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a change in global or regional climate patterns

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a large bag made of a strong material such as burlap, thick paper, or plastic, used for storing and carrying goods

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a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

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In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages lasted from the 5th to the 15th century

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the Bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church

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Charlemagne was king of France in the late eighth and early ninth centuries and was crowned emperor in 800

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Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe in the 8th–11th centuries

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the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection

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A person of noble rank or birth

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Widespread respect and admiration felt for someone or something on the basis of a perception of their achievements or quality.

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An agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate

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The manorial system was an economic and social system of medieval Europe

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A man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor

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A large building, typically of the medieval period, fortified against attack with thick walls, battlements, towers, and in many cases a moat

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A military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside

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The faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church

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The Arab prophet who, according to Islam, was the last messenger of Allah

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The Quran is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God. It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature. The Quran is divided into chapters, which are subdivided into verses

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Sharia law, or Islamic law is a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith

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Jihad is an Arabic word which literally means striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim

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a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong.

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Movable type is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document usually on the medium of paper.

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an explosive consisting of a powdered mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal

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an explosive consisting of a powdered mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal

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is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock

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Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestockV

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the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices

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the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church

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one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the Church and clergy

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Pope Urban II, born Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was Pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099

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An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, known as Salah ad-Din or Saladin, was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty

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The series of military campaigns by which Christian armies reclaimed control of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors, starting in the eighth century and culminating in the fall of Granada in 1492

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Proper noun. an extension of the Papal Inquisition, set up in 15th century Spain, to investigate and punish converted Jews and Muslims thought to be insincere

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The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries and marking the transition from the middle ages to modernity.

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an educational institution designed for instruction, examination, or both, of students in many branches of advanced learning, conferring degrees in various faculties, and often embodying colleges and similar institutions

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the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region

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The three-field system is a regime of crop rotation that was used in medieval and early-modern Europe

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medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power

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The Commercial Revolution consisted in the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century

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The British Agricultural Revolution, or Second Agricultural Revolution, was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labour and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries

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the use of toxins of biological origin or microorganisms as weapons of war.

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a person who subjects themselves or others to flogging, either as a religious discipline or for sexual gratification.

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a large bow drawn by hand and shooting a long feathered arrow. It was the chief weapon of English armies from the 14th century until the introduction of firearms.

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A French military leader of the fifteenth century, a national heroine who at the age of seventeen took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne

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identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

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a machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates.

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an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.

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Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period. He has often been called the father of modern political science

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a grant by the Pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for sins after absolution. The unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners was a widespread abuse during the later Middle Ages.

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a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church

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the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.

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The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation

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a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country

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Bartolomeu Dias, a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer

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The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed at Tordesillas in Spain on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile,

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The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, named for Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries

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an act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration.

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Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century

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a natural object or animal that is believed by a particular society to have spiritual significance and that is adopted by it as an emblem.

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The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763. It involved every European great power of the time and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines

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the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

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a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another.

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a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another.

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Tsetse, sometimes spelled tzetze and also known as tik-tik flies, are large biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus Glossina, which are placed in their own family, Glossinidae

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the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

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Musa I or Mansa Musa was the tenth Mansa, which translates to "sultan", "conqueror", or "emperor", of the wealthy West African Islamic Mali Empire

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The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade

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The Edict of Nantes, signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. In the edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity.

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a line of hereditary rulers of a country.

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Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715

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The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God

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belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

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a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.

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A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states. It is a form of regulation of foreign trade. It is a policy that taxes foreign products to encourage or protect domestic industry. The tariff is historically used to protect infant industries and to allow import substitution industrialization.

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the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

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The Edict of Fontainebleau was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Edict of Nantes had granted the Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state

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the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters

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The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, the "Century of Philosophy". Some consider Descartes' 1637 statement "I think, therefore I am" to have sparked the period.

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a person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.

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a supreme ruler, especially a monarch.

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In moral and political philosophy, the social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual

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A constitution is an aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity, and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed

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The state of nature is a concept used in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories and international law to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence