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While a noun names a person, place, thing, or idea a proper noun gets more specific. It gives us the actual name of the person, place, thing, or idea.  The actual names of people are proper nouns. So are the names of states, streets, rivers, oceans, countries, companies, institutions, churches, and more.

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The rules for capitalising proper nouns are pretty simple. Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter.

However there are times when a word can be used as either a common noun or proper noun and you might get confused as to when you should use the capitalised form. For example, “father” can either be common or proper.

One rule for thumb is that if you are using the word as a title and name it should be capitalized.

I had dinner with my father last night.”

“Would you like to have dinner with me, Father?”

See the difference? In the first example the word was used more generally as a common noun. In the second example, the word was used like a name. In this instance the term “father” took the place of the actual name, such as “Bob.”

To make things a little clearer for you, here is a list of proper nouns categories.

Holidays: Christmas, New Year’s Day, Deepavali

Geographical areas: Kuching, Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Sarawak

People and pets: Mrs. Caroline Jones, Rip Van Winkle, Snoopy

Books, Newspapers, Magazines: Wuthering Heights, Atlanta Journal, Southern Living

Companies and organisations: Google, ChildFund International, General Electric

Religious terms: Christian, Methodist, Hindu

Places, buildings: Yellowstone National Park, Empire State Building, Ritz-Carlton

Titles: President Bush, King George, Queen Elizabeth, Judge Judy (titles are not capitalized when they’re referred to in general terms.  For example: The criminal appeared before the judge.

Languages: English, French, Italian

Brand names: Coach, Pepsi, Lucky

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Creating the possessive form of a proper noun follows the same rule as the possessive of a common noun.  Add ‘s if the word is singular or if the word ends in s just the apostrophe. Plural nouns that end in s get an apostrophe at the end.

Mary’s coat

United States’ health care program

Georgia’s swampland

Kansas’ prairie lands

Proper names that end in s are made possessive by adding ‘s:  Charles’s house.  It’s also correct to just add the apostrophe, such as with Jesus’ mother.

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Sentence Builder: Proper Nouns | Game | Education.com

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Help kids master using proper nouns and capitalization with this interactive sentence-building game.

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Try this exercise to check your understanding!

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Try this exercise to check your understanding!