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Link:
https://www.genome.gov/27569223/how-does-genome-editing-work/

Author(s):
Capecchi, M. R.,
Vasquez, K. M.,
Marburger, K.,
Intody, Z.,
Wilson, J. H.,
Joung, J. K.,
Sander, J. D.,
Lander, E. S.,
Varshney, G. K.,
Pei, W. H.,
LaFave, M. C.,
Idol, J.,
Xu, L. S.,
Gallardo, V.,
Burgess, S. M.

Publisher Info: National Human Genome Research Institute

Summary:
The development of CrisprCas9, a cheaper genome editing method compared to Homologous recombination, Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN), and Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), account for a greater understanding of genome editing's potential impact in human health. In the 1970's, scientists attempted to edit the genome of unicellular organisms through recombination, where they stranded out genome pieces and replaced them with similar genetic code. When the success rate of this method were proven to be extremely low (one in a million), scientists from the 1990's attempted to engineer proteins and replace them inside different cells with ZNF. This method had a success rate of 10%, but a similar method from 2009, TALENs, had much better success rate. Recently, scientists improved this method, and renamed it CrisprCas9 (cas9 is the name of the engineered protein), thus lowering the costs of genome editing.

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Link:
https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/scientists-engineer-new-crispr-platform-dna-targeting

Author(s):
Broad Communications

Publisher Info: Broad Institute

Summary:
Scientists from the Broad Institute developed a new form of CrisprCas9, called CrisprCas12b, that could help strengthen the immune system of leukemia patients. This new form of Crispr comes from thermophilic bacteria, which lives in extreme conditions. Fortunately, it works in vivo (on living beings), and in lower temperatures than Cas9. This opens the possibility of strengthening the T-cells of weak immune systems. This technique is currently under review.

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Q's 3

Link:
https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/bioengineering/8-ways-crisprcas9-can-change-world

Author(s):
Mark Crawford

Publisher Info: American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Summary:
CrisprCas9 is allowing scientists to dictate what genes they want to edit, when they want to edit them, and how much they want to express them in the host, all at a lower cost than ever before. This helps scientists create new medicines, grow new crops, and understand species' extinctions. Healthwise, it could help to erradicate malaria, treating Alzheimer's, treating HIV, and cancer. Crispr could also bring new types of personalized drugs, crops, and plastic.

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Q's 4 + 5

Link:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319817.php

Author(s):
Yella Hewings-Martin PhD

Publisher Info: Medical News Today

Summary:
Editing the human genome with CrisprCas9 arises a lot of ethical questions. Among those is that fact that editing a person's genome might change the evolution course of their family. Another ethical concern is that editing embryos to prevent diseases before birth could affect the mother. Both the general public and scientific experts disagree on their level support for these technologies.

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Q's 6

Link:
https://www.thehastingscenter.org/jiankuis-genetic-misadventure-part-3-major-ethical-issues/

Author(s):
Jing-Bao Nie
Alexander T.M. Cheung

Publisher Info: The Hastings Center

Summary:
In 2018, Dr. He Jiankui claimed to have edited the genome of two human embryos. This raised concern among the scientific community. When Dr. He presented his work, some scientists defended his purpose as ethical, but his prodedure as unethical and largely useless. He's method was not perfect, so it is a concern that these twins might present problems as they grow up.

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Q's 9

Link: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600774/top-us-intelligence-official-calls-gene-editing-a-wmd-threat/

Author(s):
Antonio Regalado

Publisher Info: MIT Technology Review

Summary:
''Genome editing is a weapon of mass destruction.'' US National intelligence classified the ease and cheapness of CrisprCas9 as an advantage that could, in the wrong hands, cause economic and biological disaster. If it fell in the hands of terrorism, it could become a chemical weapon, which could trigger a war, due to the violation of current laws.

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Q's 7

Link:
http://hippocratesmedreview.org/regulation-of-gene-editing/

Author(s):
Avery Gulino

Publisher Info: Hippocrates Med Review

Summary:
Currently, in the United States, there is no governing body to regulate the bioethics and costs of genome editing. The US's gene research costs come mostly from private industry, while in the UK, there is only one governing body (HFEA). The private sector and the HFEA are doing their best to keep gene editing under the best interest of all people. China is an exception, as most ethical concerns arise about a ''designer baby'' arise from Chinese scientists.

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Overview of all Q's

Link: https://stanmed.stanford.edu/2018winter/CRISPR-for-gene-editing-is-revolutionary-but-it-comes-with-risks.html

Author(s):
Mark Shwartz

Publisher Info: Stanford Medicine

Summary:
More than 10,000 diseases may come from affecting any of the 6 billion building blocks of human genome, which is in itself composed of four compounds, adenosine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. CrisprCas9 could both fix this issue, or trigger it on a mass scale. Something interesting to note is that CrisprCas9 was a behavior observed from a E. Coli bacteria decades ago, but in reality, bacteria have had this ability for billions of years, and they have kept it in order to defend itself from pathogens. Using this technique, which is called a ''gift from nature,'' could result in a radical change of human evolution, particularly with the unethical practice of ''designer babies.''

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(0) What is genome editing and how does it work?
(1) How has genome editing evolved over the years?
(2) How powerful is CrisprCas9, and how is it currently evolving?
(3) How can genome editing be beneficial to humans and plants?
(4) When does genome editing become unethical?
(5) Why is genome editing considered controversial?
(6) Who has performed controversial genome editing practices?
(7) How should genome editing be regulated?
(8) Who should regulate genome editing?
(9) Is genome editing risky for the world?