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Dealing with racism in higher education (essay) | Inside Higher Ed. (2017). Retrieved March 20, 2019, from https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2017/01/06/dealing-racism-higher-education-essay

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Angela.Dorizas. (2015, May 28). AFL stands up against racism | Australian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved March 20, 2019, from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/stories/afl-stands-against-racism

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Wallis, J. (2015, May 7). Racism: America’s Original Sin. Retrieved March 20, 2019, from https://sojo.net/articles/remembering-trayvon/racism-americas-original-sin

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Typi Design 2012 info(at)typidesign(dot)be. (2019). News Flash, RACISM-OUT, the Comics Art Museum launches its campaign against racism — The Belgian Comic Strip Center - Museum Brussels. Retrieved March 20, 2019, from https://www.comicscenter.net/en/news-flash/racism-out-the-comics-art-museum-launches-its-campaign-against-racism

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Racism, also called racialism, any action, practice, or belief that reflects the racial worldview—the ideology that humans may be divided into separate and exclusive biological entities called “races”; that there is a causal link between inherited physical traits and traits of personality, intellect, morality, and other cultural anhttps://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2015/11/20/weapons-of-mass-distraction-using-humor-against-racism/#de7fc2e16602d behavioral features; and that some races are innately superior to others. Since the late 20th century the notion of biological race has been recognized as a cultural invention, entirely without scientific basis.

Smedley, A. (2017, March 22)
. racism | Definition, History, & Laws. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/racismhttps://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/do-the-right-thing/201605/bad-and-good-news-about-racism-sexism-and-discrimination

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Kowalski, K. (2019, March 15). Five things students can do about racism. Retrieved March 20, 2019, from https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/five-things-students-can-do-about-racism

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The Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776, laid the foundation for a new society among men on grounds that each individual of right ought to be free to act on his own judgment, for his own goals, by his own choice. Human dignity, in other words, involves self-responsibility for life, liberty, and one's pursuit of happiness.

That essence of the Declaration of Independence is being subordinated and forgotten by today's black and white leaders of the Negro Revolution whose banner is "equality."

Let us recall what Abraham Lincoln said about this: "I protest against that counterfeit logic which concludes that because I do not want a black woman for a slave, I must necessarily want her for a wife. I need not have her for either; I can just leave her alone. In some respects she certainly is not my equal; but in her natural right to eat the bread she earns with her own hands without asking leave of anyone else, she is my equal, and equal to all others."

There can be no greater condition of equality among men than this. Anything less than this is slavery; and the direction in which the American people today are being led by civil rights leaders, in and out of government, tends toward slavery. A free man is not something emerged from a stew called society. The nature of a man's thoughts and actions, the life he lives, his concept of himself are the qualities of being human - the qualities of individuality, rather than the gray sameness of imposed equality.

The Constitution of the United States was designed to protect the rights of the individual against trespass by other individuals, or by government. But the original code made no provision for the abolition of slavery or recognition of the Negro as an individual. Section 9 of Article I denied to Congress power to prohibit the importation of slaves prior to 1808, and Section 2 of Article IV required the states to comply with the claims of lawful owners for the return of fugitive slaves. Based in part upon these provisions, the United States Supreme Court ruled in 1857 that Dred Scott - a Negro slave - did not acquire the rights of citizenship when taken into a free state.

A Civil War was waged before the Thirteenth Amendment cleared the Constitution of a serious contradiction and established that, if men are to live as men, they must be free to do so. The Reconstruction Era further clarified the extent to which states' rights could be practiced without interfering with the individual's human rights and without denying his civil rights. While these rights had been defined before, they had not been extended to Negroes.

The Constitution, as supplemented by the Bill of Rights and subsequent amendments, makes clear that the powers of the state governments as well as of the Federal government extend no further than needed for protection of the human and civil rights of the individual against encroachment by government and other individuals. Neither mentioned nor recognized are any "rights of society," society having no rights. By 1875, all questions concerning citizenship for Negroes in the United States, and their rights as individuals, were answered in the Constitution.
Solving the Problem Voluntarily
During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the question before the people - all citizens, with inalienable rights as members of the human race - was this: How are we to live together? "In all things purely social we can be as separate as fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress," answered Negro leader, Booker T. Washington in 1895. The national consensus at the close of the nineteenth century was that black and white men should live separately; but such consensus did not empower governments to legislate how men should live or where each must sit, eat, dance, learn, and otherwise lead his life.

Nevertheless, the United States Supreme Court's separate-but equal doctrine of 1896 had stood as law until 1954, when the Court reversed itself to the effect that henceforth men must live, sit, eat, dance, and learn in the same places. But the compulsory integration of the schools was no more required by the Constitution nor necessary for fulfillment of the human rights and civil rights of Negroes than had been the compulsory separation before 1954. Education is no more the business of the Federal government than is eating or dancing or the seating arrangement on a train or bus.

The Negro role in the civil rights movement gained impetus after the Supreme Court decision in 1954, and their main thrust was to the effect that Negroes had been deprived of their rights as a group. Scarcely anyone bothered to ask what rights inhere in groups or to stand in defense of the rights of the individual. It seems safe to say there were few individuals, if any, among the 210,000 marchers on Washington on August 28, 1963; and the net effect was a Congress and a nation made more race conscious than ever before. The resultant Civil Rights Act of 1964 elevated the dubious principles of altruism, collectivism, and racism above life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
A Staggering Sense of Guilt
The brotherhood of selfless love espoused by Martin Luther King, Jr., has not left a situation of mutual respect among Negroes and whites but a nation staggered by a sense of guilt. Irresponsible leadership in the name of civil rights is conning a nation out of its incentives to productivity into sanctioning the undeserved, causing the freest people on earth to sacrifice that freedom for the compulsory equality of slaves.

Civil rights leaders and their followers stress self-sacrifice to the point that self-respect is made to seem a sin. To love and choose without discrimination displaces sound reasons among men to love or choose one person or thing above another. This strained and strange love of racist agitators provokes men to hate them more. They turn simple prejudices into acts of crazed violence - that they might passively endure and resist. They twist man's right to discriminate into an immorality, thrown at a nation as its major guilt. As virtuous victims, they demand freedom, equality, and respect for the pitiable little they have to offer, challenging the nation to redeem itself by redeeming them.

How goes the redemption? Look in the eyes of blacks and whites who are afraid to think, to judge, to discriminate, and you will see an uncertainty embedded in hatred. Negroes, who are told they have gained the respect and gratitude of society but who have no self-esteem, are frightened by a power of redemption which they secretly know they - as individuals - have not earned.

No rational, self-responsible individual relies upon the racism that plagues the nation. He does not beg for patronage, sympathy, and smiles. Instead of asking that others grant him a living, he knows he has been born with an inalienable right to whatever life he is capable of earning, according to his own purpose, his own virtues, which others cannot give to him and cannot take away.
Student Demonstrations
It was inevitable that the youthful students of America would be drawn by their immaturity into the fight for civil rights. From the beginning of the collective movement, climaxed by the March on Washington, the racism of the nation was reflected by the young and selfless black and white youth of America.

White youths, in all sincerity, wanted to share the plight of their Negro counterpart. They had no "cause," so they made his cause their own. They evaded the real issue - that they did not know themselves - and transformed this ignorance into a feeling of guilt for being different from the Negro. In search of virtue, they marched and shouted, "Freedom Now," clenching a Negro's hand, entering restaurants with him where they knew he would not be served, scouting the countryside singing songs of deliverance for him.

Young Negroes joined their white counterparts, believing that any happiness to be achieved on earth must be achieved collectively; they had never been allowed to forget the collective misery of their forefathers. Lacking the individuality that can only come through earned self-esteem, they were content with the motives of the group. Personal motives? None.

Among black and white youth alike, their relationship with the group was primary when it should have been secondary. They hid behind the apron of a race, a church, a university, an SNCC, a CORE; and they claimed identities according to the characteristics of such groups. They repeated to themselves what others said of them; their self-regard was the regard they thought others had for them; their self-esteem dependent upon the esteem of others; their achievements what others claimed to be achievements; their failures what others said were failures; their place in the world where others said it was. They had no standards of their own; and so these youths were misled. Their guilt was not in being black or white, but in being nothing, in seeking virtue in the impossible, encouraging one another simply to suffer and wave flags.

The fact is that within the context of our society, they will always be black or white; and by some persons they will be treated as such, regardless of laws, treaties, and proclamations to the contrary. But a more important truth that escaped those young persons is that they are human beings; that each has a life for which he is responsible; that this is what he holds in common with other human beings; that to live with one another in peace, each must first manage to live with himself.

Such were the "drummer boys" of America who led forth a nation, their elders following, in the revolutionary movement capped by the signing of the Civil Rights Act on July 2, 1964. This new law of the land deals with eleven basic aspects of what the nation's legislators call civil rights: voting, public accommodations, public (governmentally managed) facilities, school desegregation, the Federal Civil Rights Commission, nondiscriminatory use of Federal funds, equal employment opportunity, voting census, a Federal Community Relations Service, civil rights court procedures, and jury trials.

A careful study of the detailed provisions of these 11 titles under the Act may reveal some minor clarifications of points already covered by the Constitution and existing legislation, as in Title 1 on Voting and Title 10 on Court Procedures. But these are hardly what the civil rights revolution was all about. For the most part, the major provisions of the new Act tend to arrogate powers to the Federal government, in the name of Civil Rights, that are none of the government's business because they have to do with regulation and control of what ought to be strictly private business relationships.

The overwhelming tendency of the Act is to deny the civil rights of producers - property owners -in favor of the wishes of those seeking something for nothing, making the Federal government the instrument of compulsion for the implementation of such injustice. Thus, the attempt to appease organized racists has invoked a condition of legislative enslavement on the entire nation - and it will take a police state to enforce this condition.

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Individualism Versus Racism | Anne Wortham

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The Declaration of Independ­ence of July 4, 1776, laid the foundation for a new society among men on grounds that each individual of right ought to be free to act on his own judgment, for his own goals, by his own choice. Human dignity, in other words, involves self-responsibility for life, liberty, and one's pursuit of happiness.

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Kowalski, K. (2019, March 15). Five things students can do about racism. Retrieved March 20, 2019, from https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/five-things-students-can-do-about-racism

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Take a stand against racism in your community. Join a group advocating for the rights of racial or other minorities and volunteer to help, including through online volunteering

Help spread the word about human rights by sharing these videos reciting the articles from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
#StandUp4HumanRights #RightsOutLoud

Help spread the word about human rights by sharing these videos reciting the articles from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
#StandUp4HumanRights #RightsOutLoud

Let’s Fight Racism! (2011). antoinette. (2017, April 20). Exposing Bias: Race and Racism in America. Retrieved March 19, 2019

‌Picture: Let’s Fight Racism! (2011). antoinette. (2017, April 20). Exposing Bias: Race and Racism in America. Retrieved March 19, 2019

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WHO STARTED RACISM

Racism is a particular form of oppression. It stems from discrimination against a group of people based on the idea that some inherited characteristic, such as skin color, makes them inferior to their oppressors. Yet the concepts of "race" and "racism" are modern inventions. They arose and became part of the dominant ideology of society in the context of the African slave trade at the dawn of capitalism in the 1500s and 1600s.

Material on this Web site is licensed by SocialistWorker.org, under a Creative Commons (by-nc-nd 3.0) license, except for articles that are republished with permission. Readers are welcome to share and use material belonging to this site for non-commercial purposes, as long as they are attributed to the author and SocialistWorker.org.

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Race or racial ideology runs deep in our history and culture. In certain ways, it's at the core of our political culture. Our identities are shaped by race. So, given its centrality in our history, it's not surprising that it continues to be relevant.

If you think about it, what is race? What is racism? At its most basic level, racism is a lens through which people interpret, naturalize, and reproduce inequality.

antoinette. (2017, April 20). Exposing Bias: Race and Racism in America. Retrieved March 19, 2019, from https://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/exposing-bias-race-racism-america

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In North America and apartheid-era South Africa, racism dictated that different races (chiefly blacks and whites) should be segregated from one another; that they should have their own distinct communities and develop their own institutions such as churches, schools, and hospitals; and that it was unnatural for members of different races to marry.

https://www.google.com/search?q=racism&rlz=1C1GCEA_enUS839US839&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGz-jYz47hAhUMZN8KHTyVCrwQ_AUIDygC&biw=1600&bih=789#imgrc=_

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HOW CAN WE STOP RACISM

“What I learned from the investigations is that we are dealing with structural problems, and race is baked into the structure,” said Smith, who is now executive director of the Washington Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs.

In the first half of this year, police have been called to respond to reports of black men sitting in a Starbucks, black people barbecuing in a park, black people picking up litter along a highway, black women leaving an Airbnb, a black woman napping, a black real estate investor checking on his property.

But remedies to the problem, if any are offered, tend to focus on changing minds — uncovering latent prejudices, implicit biases — not changing the structures that produce and perpetuate the mind-set.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwijvd2s247hAhVRiqwKHSmOB40QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-i-teach-a-course-called-white-racism-90093&psig=AOvVaw0lVX5yeGbgrn-b9ZDq66FG&ust=1553102352880393