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These animals are in danger.Julian

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Even though rockets are modern they can pollute the air this is Falcon heavy on its STP-2 mission on its 3rd launch the falcon heavy is the world's most powerful rocket that means that it has the most fuel
and fuel can pollute air but falcon heavy, falcon 9, and electron have a modern motor that doesn't pollute the air.JULIAN

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You're saving the environment by riding cars every day (if you have an electric car)Julian

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This is a harvester cutting down more trees so people chop down trees from the woods to to something else with them sometimes it's bad.JULian

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A tiger is a wild meat eater animal but an elephant is a banana-carrot eating animal.Julian

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Acid rain is caused by air pollution it can cause damage to plants trees die early.JULIAN

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Acid rain is caused by air pollution.Julian

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Wolfs are in danger because they're getting hunted.Julian

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You might have heard that cars cause global warming but, electric cars like this one (bmv i3) don't cause global warming.JULIAN

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If a sea animal or a turtle or something else gets to all the trash on the beach and eats it that animal can die.  RACHEL

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WE ARE WASTING SO MUCH FOOD! ELIZA

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A Landfill is only a hill of trash with rocks on it but it causes greenhouse gases and trees die early.JULIAN

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We should not throw things out we should reuse them as much as possible.
Annalise

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Annalise.

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It is bad to eat so much food in a day or two 

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It is bad to eat so much food in a day or two 

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ANNALISE .

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It’s bad to cut down trees that’s why we should only cut down the trees if they are sick or they have other problems that can effect other types of trees

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It’s bad to cut down trees that’s why we should only cut down the trees if they are sick or they have other problems that can effect other types of trees

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Annalise

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cruise ships cause pollution on the sea but, AIDAprima can put it's motor from diesel to gas that's harmless to the environment but it can only do it on the port.JULIAN

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Teslas and other electric cars don't cause air pollution.JULIAN

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Deforestation is cutting down to many trees.JULIAN

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The rainforest in Brazil is on fire because the president wanted only 10% of it.JULIAN

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This is a picture of a trash dump were a truck is dumping trash out and into the dump.JULIAN

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Deforestation can make squirrels or mice run away.JULIAN

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Annalise

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Climate 101: Deforestation | National Geographic

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This video shows how the food you eat affects your brain.  RACHEL

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How the food you eat affects your brain - Mia Nacamulli

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This is a photo of pollution in the water.LOUIS

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By 2030 only 10% of trees will be left. And if we don’t care forests will disappear!!!!!!

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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Rainforests cover only 6% of the worlds surface yet they are home to more than 50% of the plants and animals species on earth. Eliza

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Deforestation is a problem because squirrels lose their home(habitat)

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This too much food waste Valentin

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Canadians get creative in solving food waste problem

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These are in danger animals but their are mor.Valentin

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Don’t eat to much or else you will have a lot of waste and left overs and if you do not want to eat it later and it goes bad and you have to throw it away then you will have so much waste and waste can release toxic gases if it sit at a dump or  outside for a long time. And that can be a problem because when that happens it can affect the ozone layer on the earth and it can cause GLOBAL WARMING!!!!!!  RACHEL

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You should not take so much food.only what you are going to eat because other wise what we don’t eat we just throw it out and then we are just waste food.
Annalise

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By 2030 only 10% of trees will be left and if we still don’t care rainforests will disappear so save trees!!!

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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Food waste can make problems.Leonie

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Food waste: How much food do supermarkets throw away? (CBC Marketplace)

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This is ozone in the sky.
The ozone is made out of harmful gases .
Mickey

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Don’t eat to much food because it is bad for your body
Annalise

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It’s to much food waste why didn’t they ate it.Valentin

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By the year 2030 we might only have 10% of are forests left they could all be gone in 100 years
Eliza Boyer

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Look at these bananas!And they’re all wasted because they are on the ground.Anderson

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The pollute water is going to water cycle the pollutes water is in somewhere it does not going to clean water!!celina

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We have to get just right much of food.celina

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ANIMALS ARE  GETTING ENDANGERED BECAUSE OF US!

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Habitat loss and endangered animals for kids

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Air pollution can affect all 4 spheres

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It is bad if we eat so much FOOD.
Annalise

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Do not waste electricity when it is not in use! JIWOO

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People eating to much food.LOUIS

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harvester cutting trees youtube - Bing video

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YouTube Tree Cutting with Wedges Tree-Cutting Bloopers Rednecks Cutting Down Trees Tree Cutting Machine YouTube YouTube Chainsaws Cutting Timber Cutting Videos YouTube Professional Tree Cutting Growind Seeds for Trees YouTube Funny Tree-Cutting Tree Accidents YouTube YouTube Cutting Down Trees Tree-Cutting Games Cutting Fire Wood YouTube

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We should not waste so much food because if we don’t eat it all then we just throw it on the ground.
Annalise

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Look at all these endangered species we can stop this by leaving habitats alone.Anderson

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Only get the food you need to eat. Don’t take all the food you want or all the food you have left over will be wasted and that is bad for the environment.

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Elephants are being hunted because of their tusks.JULIAN

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don't burn wood in the fireplace because it causes pollution.JULIAN

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don't burn wood in the fireplace because it causes pollution.JULIAN

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Power stations pollute air beacause of the gasses.JULIAN

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This is a beach in spain were there's lots of trash.JULIAN

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How much trees are cut down trees in a year.LOUIS

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If you want to breath clean air ,do not waste paper!we should use  both sides of the paper or use scratch paper.this will make the wasting not so often.JIWOO

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If the fish eat small plastic we can't eat the fish but when peaple eat it people are seek or die!!!!! Celina

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On the left side you see a gas car on the right side you see an electric car gar cars can be harmful to the emviorment but electric cars are harmless to the nature.JULIAN

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Look at all of this a lot of it is wasted.Anderson

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We don’t need so much of trees. We have to save trees ! Jeemin

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Every day at lunch the cafeteria displays the meals for the day. But, isn't this just wasting food? Nobody eats the display food. It just goes in the garbage. Could we choose our lunch without seeing the display? Mrs. Pade

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Air pollution is bad for your body.
You can also get sick from it.
ANNALISE

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This used to be a forest now it is destroyed by people we can stop this by not using wood.Anderson

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A man is cutting down in snowy day.Mickey

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water pollution.Louis

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Water pollution | Water Contamination | Video for kids

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People don’t like ugly food. they like nice and good food.celina

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people waste pizza because they are big.Louis

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they ate to many food.Louis

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don't throw garbage on the road/change will be come

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smoke from the fire.Louis

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there is too many paper here.Louis

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bad things in the fish.Louis

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Food Waste in America (Social Experiment)

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Trees give people oxygen when you cut down all of them there won't be any oxygen.JULIAN

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squirls are different than humans squirs have fur and a tail but we don't.JULIAN

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this is an ugly apple but you can eat it!!!JULIAN

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this is a picture of cutting trees.JULIAN

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deforestation can make big issues LEONIE

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The threat to the Amazon rainforest l A New Climate

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oil on the bird. Louis

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Smoke pollution

Old diesel car makes lots of  somke pollution. Tony

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This is a picture of a hermit crab in the middle of a trash island. And it is finding its shell and i think that it believes that one of the trash is its shell.JIWOO

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Gas cars cause air pollution but electric cars don't this is Tesla's Model X.Julian

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Gas cars cause air pollution but electric cars don't this is Tesla's Model X.Julian

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Do not use plastic straws if not in need!!!!!!!  Even paper straws!
The best way of not wasting is using only what we need.  JIWOO!!

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people do not notice that everyday more and more trees are getting cut down. its bad for us and animals. animals are loosing there homes! Eliza

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gas car and electric car.Louis

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cut down trees.Louis

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Food waste .Louis

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we can stop throwing trash on the floor and put it in the bins .
Eliza

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This is a pitcher from a oil spill in the ocean its bad for all living stuff.valentin

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Electric cars are good for the environment

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Pollution.Louis

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This is sea and a city is polluting the water

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Air pollution can affect our breathing.  RACHEL

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Soil contamination or soil pollution as part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotics (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (such as naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals. Contamination is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical substance. The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, from direct contact with the contaminated soil, vapours from the contaminants, or from secondary contamination of water supplies within and underlying the soil.[1] Mapping of contaminated soil sites and the resulting cleanups are time consuming and expensive tasks, requiring extensive amounts of geology, hydrology, chemistry, computer modeling skills, and GIS in Environmental Contamination, as well as an appreciation of the history of industrial chemistry.[2]

In North America and Western Europe the extent of contaminated land is best known, with many of countries in these areas having a legal framework to identify and deal with this environmental problem. Developing countries tend to be less tightly regulated despite some of them having undergone significant industrialization.

Soil pollution can be caused by the following (non-exhaustive list)

The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals.

Any activity that leads to other forms of soil degradation ( erosion, compaction, etc.) may indirectly worsen the contamination effects in that soil remediation becomes more tedious.

Historical deposition of coal ash used for residential, commercial, and industrial heating, as well as for industrial processes such as ore smelting, were a common source of contamination in areas that were industrialized before about 1960. Coal naturally concentrates lead and zinc during its formation, as well as other heavy metals to a lesser degree. When the coal is burned, most of these metals become concentrated in the ash (the principal exception being mercury). Coal ash and slag may contain sufficient lead to qualify as a "characteristic hazardous waste", defined in the US as containing more than 5 mg/l of extractable lead using the TCLP procedure. In addition to lead, coal ash typically contains variable but significant concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; e.g., benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(cd)pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and others). These PAHs are known human carcinogens and the acceptable concentrations of them in soil are typically around 1 mg/kg. Coal ash and slag can be recognised by the presence of off-white grains in soil, gray heterogeneous soil, or (coal slag) bubbly, vesicular pebble-sized grains.

Treated sewage sludge, known in the industry as biosolids, has become controversial as a " fertilizer". As it is the byproduct of sewage treatment, it generally contains more contaminants such as organisms, pesticides, and heavy metals than other soil.[3]

In the European Union, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive allows sewage sludge to be sprayed onto land. The volume is expected to double to 185,000 tons of dry solids in 2005. This has good agricultural properties due to the high nitrogen and phosphate content. In 1990/1991, 13% wet weight was sprayed onto 0.13% of the land; however, this is expected to rise 15 fold by 2005. Advocates say there is a need to control this so that pathogenic microorganisms do not get into water courses and to ensure that there is no accumulation of heavy metals in the top soil.[4]

A pesticide is a substance used to kill a pest. A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any pest. Pests include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms) and microbes that compete with humans for food, destroy property, spread or are a vector for disease or cause a nuisance. Although there are benefits to the use of pesticides, there are also drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other organisms.

There are now two main groups of synthetic insecticides -

1. Organochlorines include DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin and BHC. They are cheap to produce, potent and persistent. DDT was used on a massive scale from the 1930s, with a peak of 72,000 tonnes used 1970. Then usage fell as the harmful environmental effects were realized. It was found worldwide in fish and birds and was even discovered in the snow in the Antarctic. It is only slightly soluble in water but is very soluble in the bloodstream. It affects the nervous and endocrine systems and causes the eggshells of birds to lack calcium causing them to be easily breakable. It is thought to be responsible for the decline of the numbers of birds of prey like ospreys and peregrine falcons in the 1950s - they are now recovering. As well as increased concentration via the food chain, it is known to enter via permeable membranes, so fish get it through their gills. As it has low water solubility, it tends to stay at the water surface, so organisms that live there are most affected. DDT found in fish that formed part of the human food chain caused concern, but the levels found in the liver, kidney and brain tissues was less than 1 ppm and in fat was 10 ppm, which was below the level likely to cause harm. However, DDT was banned in the UK and the United States to stop the further buildup of it in the food chain. U.S. manufacturers continued to sell DDT to developing countries, who could not afford the expensive replacement chemicals and who did not have such stringent regulations governing the use of pesticides..

The disposal of munitions, and a lack of care in manufacture of munitions caused by the urgency of production, can contaminate soil for extended periods. There is little published evidence on this type of contamination largely because of restrictions placed by governments of many countries on the publication of material related to war effort. However, mustard gas stored during World War II has contaminated some sites for up to 50 years[5] and the testing of Anthrax as a potential biological weapon contaminated the whole island of Gruinard.[6]

Contaminated or polluted soil directly affects human health through direct contact with soil or via inhalation of soil contaminants which have vaporized; potentially greater threats are posed by the infiltration of soil contamination into groundwater aquifers used for human consumption, sometimes in areas apparently far removed from any apparent source of above ground contamination. This tends to result in the development of pollution-related diseases.

Health consequences from exposure to soil contamination vary greatly depending on pollutant type, pathway of attack and vulnerability of the exposed population. Chronic exposure to chromium, lead and other metals, petroleum, solvents, and many pesticide and herbicide formulations can be carcinogenic, can cause congenital disorders, or can cause other chronic health conditions. Industrial or man-made concentrations of naturally occurring substances, such as nitrate and ammonia associated with livestock manure from agricultural operations, have also been identified as health hazards in soil and groundwater.[7]

Chronic exposure to benzene at sufficient concentrations is known to be associated with higher incidence of leukemia. Mercury and cyclodienes are known to induce higher incidences of kidney damage and some irreversible diseases. PCBs and cyclodienes are linked to liver toxicity. Organophosphates and carbonates can induce a chain of responses leading to neuromuscular blockage. Many chlorinated solvents induce liver changes, kidney changes and depression of the central nervous system. There is an entire spectrum of further health effects such as headache, nausea, fatigue, eye irritation and skin rash for the above cited and other chemicals. At sufficient dosages a large number of soil contaminants can cause death by exposure via direct contact, inhalation or ingestion of contaminants in groundwater contaminated through soil.[8]

The Scottish Government has commissioned the Institute of Occupational Medicine to undertake a review of methods to assess risk to human health from contaminated land. The overall aim of the project is to work up guidance that should be useful to Scottish Local Authorities in assessing whether sites represent a significant possibility of significant harm (SPOSH) to human health. It is envisaged that the output of the project will be a short document providing high level guidance on health risk assessment with reference to existing published guidance and methodologies that have been identified as being particularly relevant and helpful. The project will examine how policy guidelines have been developed for determining the acceptability of risks to human health and propose an approach for assessing what constitutes unacceptable risk in line with the criteria for SPOSH as defined in the legislation and the Scottish Statutory Guidance.

Not unexpectedly, soil contaminants can have significant deleterious consequences for ecosystems.[9] There are radical soil chemistry changes which can arise from the presence of many hazardous chemicals even at low concentration of the contaminant species. These changes can manifest in the alteration of metabolism of endemic microorganisms and arthropods resident in a given soil environment. The result can be virtual eradication of some of the primary food chain, which in turn could have major consequences for predator or consumer species. Even if the chemical effect on lower life forms is small, the lower pyramid levels of the food chain may ingest alien chemicals, which normally become more concentrated for each consuming rung of the food chain. Many of these effects are now well known, such as the concentration of persistent DDT materials for avian consumers, leading to weakening of egg shells, increased chick mortality and potential extinction of species.

Effects occur to agricultural lands which have certain types of soil contamination. Contaminants typically alter plant metabolism, often causing a reduction in crop yields. This has a secondary effect upon soil conservation, since the languishing crops cannot shield the Earth's soil from erosion. Some of these chemical contaminants have long half-lives and in other cases derivative chemicals are formed from decay of primary soil contaminants.

Various national standards for concentrations of particular contaminants include the United States EPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals (U.S. PRGs), the U.S. EPA Region 3 Risk Based Concentrations (U.S. EPA RBCs) and National Environment Protection Council of Australia Guideline on Investigation Levels in Soil and Groundwater.

People's Republic of China Edit

The immense and sustained growth of the People's Republic of China since the 1970s has exacted a price from the land in increased soil pollution. The State Environmental Protection Administration believes it to be a threat to the environment, to food safety and to sustainable agriculture. According to a scientific sampling, 150 million mu (100,000 square kilometres) of China's cultivated land have been polluted, with contaminated water being used to irrigate a further 32.5 million mu (21,670 square kilometres) and another 2 million mu (1,300 square kilometres) covered or destroyed by solid waste. In total, the area accounts for one-tenth of China's cultivatable land, and is mostly in economically developed areas. An estimated 12 million tonnes of grain are contaminated by heavy metals every year, causing direct losses of 20 billion yuan ($2.57 billion USD).[13]

According to the received data from Member states, in the European Union the number of estimated potential contaminated sites is more than 2.5 million[14] and the identified contaminated sites around 342 thousand. Municipal and industrial wastes contribute most to soil contamination (38%), followed by the industrial/commercial sector (34%). Mineral oil and heavy metals are the main contaminants contributing around 60% to soil contamination. In terms of budget, the management of contaminated sites is estimated to cost around 6 billion Euros (€) annually.[15]

Guidance by the Inter Departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land (ICRCL)[16] has been formally withdrawn by DEFRA, for use as a prescriptive document to determine the potential need for remediation or further assessment.

The CLEA model published by DEFRA and the Environment Agency (EA) in March 2002 sets a framework for the appropriate assessment of risks to human health from contaminated land, as required by Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990. As part of this framework, generic Soil Guideline Values (SGVs) have currently been derived for ten contaminants to be used as "intervention values". These values should not be considered as remedial targets but values above which further detailed assessment should be considered; see Dutch standards.

Three sets of CLEA SGVs have been produced for three different land uses, namely

residential (with and without plant uptake)

allotments

commercial/industrial

It is intended that the SGVs replace the former ICRCL values. The CLEA SGVs relate to assessing chronic (long term) risks to human health and do not apply to the protection of ground workers during construction, or other potential receptors such as groundwater, buildings, plants or other ecosystems. The CLEA SGVs are not directly applicable to a site completely covered in hardstanding, as there is no direct exposure route to contaminated soils.

To date, the first ten of fifty-five contaminant SGVs have been published, for the following: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, inorganic mercury, nickel, selenium ethyl benzene, phenol and toluene. Draft SGVs for benzene, naphthalene and xylene have been produced but their publication is on hold. Toxicological data (Tox) has been published for each of these contaminants as well as for benzo[a]pyrene, benzene, dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane and 1,1,1,2 tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethene and xylene. The SGVs for ethyl benzene, phenol and toluene are dependent on the soil organic matter (SOM) content (which can be calculated from the total organic carbon (TOC) content). As an initial screen the SGVs for 1% SOM are considered to be appropriate.

In March 2009, the issue of Uranium poisoning in Punjab attracted press coverage. It was alleged to be caused by fly ash ponds of thermal power stations, which reportedly lead to severe birth defects in children in the Faridkot and Bhatinda districts of Punjab. The news reports claimed the uranium levels were more than 60 times the maximum safe limit.[17][18] In 2012, the Government of India confirmed[19] that the ground water in Malwa belt of Punjab has uranium metal that is 50% above the trace limits set by the United Nations' World Health Organization (WHO). Scientific studies, based on over 1000 samples from various sampling points, could not trace the source to fly ash and any sources from thermal power plants or industry as originally alleged. The study also revealed that the uranium concentration in ground water of Malwa district is not 60 times the WHO limits, but only 50% above the WHO limit in 3 locations. This highest concentration found in samples was less than those found naturally in ground waters currently used for human purposes elsewhere, such as Finland.[20] Research is underway to identify natural or other sources for the uranium.

1. ^ Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Human Health Evaluation Manual, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. 20450

2. ^ George, Rebecca; Joy, Varsha; S, Aiswarya; Jacob, Priya A. "Treatment Methods for Contaminated Soils - Translating Science into Practice" (PDF). International Journal of Education and Applied Research.

3. ^ Snyder C (2005). "The dirty work of promoting "recycling" of America's sewage sludge". Int J Occup Environ Health. 11 (4): 415-27. doi:10.1179/oeh.2005.11.4.415. PMID 16350476. Free full-text Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine (registration required)

4. ^ Article on soil contamination in China[permanent dead link ]

5. Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw and Harry Seidman ^ Computer modelng of pesticide transport in soil for five instrumented watersheds, prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Southeast Water laboratory, Athens, Ga. by ESL Inc., Sunnyvale, California (1973)

6. ^ Agarwal, A.; Liu, Y. (2015). "Remediation technologies for oil-contaminated sediments". Marine Pollution Bulletin. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.010.

7. ^ A. Agarwal, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu (2016) Remediation of oil contaminated sand with self-collapsing air microbubbles. Environmental Science and Pollution Research DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7601-5

8. ^ Panagos, Panos; Liedekerke, Marc Van; Yigini, Yusuf; Montanarella, Luca (2013). "Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collected through a European Network". Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2013: 1-11. doi:10.1155/2013/158764. ISSN 1687-9805. PMC 3697397.

9. ^ Panagos, Panos; Liedekerke, Marc Van; Yigini, Yusuf; Montanarella, Luca (2013). "Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collected through a European Network". Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2013: 1-11. doi:10.1155/2013/158764. ISSN 1687-9805. PMC 3697397.

10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-10-09.

11. ^ Yadav, Priya (2 April 2009). "Uranium deforms kids in Faridkot". The Times of India.

12. ^ Jolly, Asit (2 April 2009). "Punjab disability 'uranium link'". BBC News.

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Soil contamination or soil pollution as part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotics (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste.

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Many things can pollute water like trash Leonie

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I think that cars make air pollution but aleatoric cars don’t.
Annalise

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This is water pollution if you drink water don’t leave the water running.valentin