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- Membrane bound vessels that pinch off from Golgi apparatus.
- Found in nearly all types of eukaryotic cells and is responsible for the digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms.
- Lysosomes contain a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) that break down macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides.
- Lysosomes are generally very small, ranging in size from 0.1-0.5 µm, though they can reach up to 1.2 µm.
- The lipids that make up the bilayer are phospholipids, which are molecules that have hydrophilic phosphate group heads, a glycerol molecule, and hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

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"power house of the cell" - produces ATP
Signals cell differentiation
Signals cell death
Vary in shape and size
The number of mitochondria in a cell varies by organism, tissue and cell type. Red blood cells have not mitochondria, but liver cells have more than 2000.

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What they are: hair like structure

Function: act primarily as an organelle of locomotion in the cell

Flagellar motion causes water currents necessary for respiration and circulation in sponges and coelenterates.

Structure: the core is a bundle of nine pairs of microtubules. each microtubules is composed of the protein tubulin and the base of the flagellum is anchored to the cell by a basal body.

Bacterial flagella are helically shaped structures containing the protein flagellin. The base of the flagellum (the hook) near the cell surface is attached to the basal body enclosed in the cell envelope. The flagellum rotates in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, in a motion similar to that of a propeller.

the movement of eukaryotic flagella depends on adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  for energy.

Usually on one per each cell (Ex. sperm cell)

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- functions as the skeleton of the cell
- network of fibres that forms the infrastructure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
- ai ds in maintain the shape of the cell by offering support
-  is able to disassemble and reassemble in other parts to enable internal cell mobility
- makes cell migration possible as cell motility is needed
- assists in the transportation of communication between cells
- found in both animal and plant cells
- made up of proteins

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All cells have cytoplasm- cellular material within the plasma membrane.

Consists of cell organelle and cytosol, which is mainly water and salt as well as dissolved nutrients; proteins including enzymes; as well as certain amount of carbohydrates, inorganic salts, lipids and lipoidal substances. It also helps to dissolve waste products.  Most cellular activities occur in the cytoplasm.

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All cells have a plasma membrane- an outer cell boundary that encloses and supports the cell; determines what is able to move in and out of cell; attaches cell to environment or other cell.

Consists of a phospholipid bilayer with membrane proteins dispersed throughout which control the exchange of molecules in and out of the cell.

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A membrane enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
The nuclei contain most of the cells genetic information (sometime it is also contained in mitochondria).
The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates it from the cytoplasm.
As the nuclear envelope is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required for nuclear transport using carrier proteins.
RNA moves thorough these pores for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus and then exported to the cytoplasm.

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What they are: small extensions of the membrane
Function:  increase the surface area of the cell
Structure: microvilli are made up of microfilaments which are held together by cross-linking of proteins, such as  fimbrin,villin and epsin.

The glycocalyx layer, which covers microvilli, allows the binding of substances with the microvilli that is to be absorbed.

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- Membrane bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
- Made up of a series of flattened and stacked pouches called cisternae.
- Involved in secretion and intracellular transport.
- Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids into vesicles for secretion, targeted delivery and internal use.
- It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.
- Many cells contain only one or several Golgi apparatus, plant cells however can contain hundreds.
- Golgi apparatus is made up of approximately four to eight cisternae, although in some single-celled organisms may consist of as many as 60 cisternae.
- The cisternae are held together by matrix proteins, and the whole of the Golgi apparatus is supported by cytoplasmic microtubules.

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- microscopic 'hair like' structures
- work to move a/group of cell(s) to transport fluid or material
- typically divided into two types; motile and primary
- both are composed of a micro-tubular backbone surrounded by a plasma membrane
- ciliary proteins are synthesised in the cell body and transported to the axoneme
- is found in most micro-organisms and animals - but not higher plants
Motile (moving) Cilia
- can be found in the lungs, ear and respiratory tract
- work to keep airways clean from dirt and mucus to allow easier breathing and minimise irritation
- ai ds in propelling sperm
- display a rhythmic waving motion
Primary Cilia
- appear as single appendages on the apical surface of cells
- lack a central pair of microtubules