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Tommy Smith reflects on iconic Oplymic moment

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Tommy Smith reflects on iconic Oplymic moment

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Tommie Smith reflects on iconic Olympic moment

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Iconic Olympic protesters honored at White House

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Iconic Olympic protesters honored at White House

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Iconic Olympic protesters honored at White House

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WATCH: Greta Thunberg's full speech to world leaders at UN Climate Action Summit

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What is forced marriage?

Forced marriage is where someone is forced to marry against their will. They can happen in secret and can also be planned by parents, family or religious leaders. Victims of forced marriage may be subjected to threats, physical violence or sexual violence, or psychological or emotional pressure, including being made to feel like they're bringing shame on their family if they do not proceed.

Most forced marriages involving British girls and women take place overseas, with the victim taken abroad for the ceremony.

"In the most tragic cases, people forced into marriage become domestic slaves by day and sexual slaves by night."

Aneeta Prem, founder of the charity Freedom, which educates young people about forced marriage

Is it a crime?

Yes. Forcing someone to marry against their will has been a crime in England and Wales since 16 June 2014. The law also applies to UK nationals overseas who are at risk of becoming the victim of a forced marriage, meaning that law enforcement agencies can arrest perpetrators in other countries where a UK national is involved, and bring charges against them in courts at home.

The offence includes taking someone overseas to force them to marry, whether or not the marriage takes place, and marrying someone who lacks the mental capacity to consent to the marriage (whether they are pressured to or not).

Is forced marriage the same as 'arranged marriage'?

No. In arranged marriages, which are common in some cultures, both parties consent to the assistance of their parents or a third party (such as a matchmaker) in choosing a spouse. They are free to decide whether or not to marry the partner selected for them. If either one declines, the marriage will not go ahead. Arranged marriages are not crimes.

How common is forced marriage?

The government's Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) gave advice or support relating to a possible or actual forced marriage in 1,764 cases in 2018. A third of the cases involved young people under 18, and 75% were female victims.

ChildLine provided 205 counselling sessions to children worried about forced marriage in 2016/17. There were 6,099 visits to its forced marriage webpage.

According to the charity Plan UK, throughout the world every two seconds a child becomes a victim of forced marriage.

Who is most at risk from it?

Forced marriage is not a problem specific to one country or culture. Since 2011, the Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) has handled cases relating to over 110 countries across Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Europe and North America. Forced Marriage Unit Statistics 2018 No major faith in the UK advocates forced marriage. Freely given consent is a prerequisite of Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Muslim and Sikh marriages.

According to figures from the Forced Marriage Unit, in 2018, the four countries with the largest number of cases where the forced marriage was due to take place, or where the spouse was currently residing (or both) were Pakistan (769 cases 43.6%), Bangladesh (157 - 8.9% ), United Kingdom (119 -6.7% ) and India (110 - 6.2%).

What sort of signals might suggest that someone is at risk of forced marriage?

There are some common warning signs that might suggest someone is at risk:

What can you do if you suspect someone is at risk of forced marriage?

If you are worried that someone you know may be about to be taken abroad to be married against their will, you should contact the Forced Marriage Unit on 020 7008 0151 or email fmu@fco.gov.uk, or call the helpline for the charity Karma Nirvana on 0800 5999 247. You should give as many details as you can, including:

- Where the person has gone

- When they were due back

- When you last heard from them

Never raise the issue with, or make an approach to, the family of the victim. This is only increase the risk of harm.

What will happen next?

The Forced Marriage Unit will contact the relevant embassy. If they're a British national, the embassy will try to contact the person and help them get back to the UK if that's what they want.

What options are available to a victim involved in an offence of forced marriage?

Victims may pursue either a criminal conviction, under the Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014, or use civil legislation, and ask the court for a Forced Marriage Protection Order (FMPO).

FMPOs can be used by a civil court against any individuals suspected of trying to force a victim into marriage. Each FMPO is unique and designed to protect victims according to their individual circumstances.

The government has produced a guide to help people who have escaped from a forced marriage to take control of their lives and focus on the future. Forced Marriage: A survivor's handbook offers advice on claiming benefits, getting a divorce, and assuming a new identity.

What punishment will offenders receive?

A criminal conviction for forcing someone to marry carries a maximum penalty of seven years in prison.

Breaching a FMPO is also a criminal offence, carrying a maximum penalty of five years in prison or an unlimited fine. However, victims who don't wish to report the breach to the police may instead seek enforcement of the breach using the civil court's 'contempt of court' powers.

Toolkit

To help you raise awareness among your community about forced marriage and how to spot the signs, we've compiled a range of free campaign materials that you can use to educate and inform people in your neighbourhood.

Printable resources

Neighbourhood Watch has produced a leaflet urging members to be aware of the signs of forced marriage, honour-based violence or female genital mutilation in their communities. You can find it in the Downloads section on this page.

Online resources

ChildLine has a forced marriage webpage here and has also produced a short animation, encouraging children and young people to call the charity's helpline for help and advice. You can view 'Layla's forced marriage story: Your tomorrow' here.

The government's Forced Marriage Unit has published a film aimed at raising public awareness of the impact of forced marriage, and warn of the criminal consequences of involvement, building on the outreach and education work of the FMU. The film is told from the perspective of a victim's older brother, who is complicit in arranging her forced marriage but unaware of its true impact until it is too late.

The Home Office has also worked with a survivor of honour crimes and forced marriage who talked about her experiences to produce a film.

Fixers UK has produced a film called Forced Marriage and Honour Abuse, view here.

Mridul Wadhwa, Rape Crisis Scotland, has written a blog: Acknowledging sexual violence in forced marriage

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Forced marriage is where someone is forced to marry against their will. They can happen in secret and can also be planned by parents, family or religious leaders. Victims of forced marriage may be subjected to threats, physical violence or sexual violence, or psychological or emotional pressure, including being made to feel like they're bringing shame on their family if they do not proceed.

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Banksy surprises Bristol primary school with mural

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