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When
-origin: 17th and 18th century

Where
-England

Who
-Lord Edward Herbert of Cheruby
Beliefs
-belief in creator that does NOT intervene in the universe

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Society:

Temperance Movement: high rate of alcohol consumption promoted the Protestant ministers and those concerned with effects of heavy drinking to found the American Temperance Society to stop alcoholism in 1826. Issue of slavery eventually overshadowed this movement.

Humanitarian Reforms: As a way to alleviate the suffering of criminals, emotionally disturbed persons, and paupers, reforms set up new public institutions. These included mental hospitals, schools for the deaf and blind, and prisons.

Public Education: Middle-class reformers sought to establish free public schools for all classes due to growing numbers of uneducated people. Religious private schools were founded, as well as new colleges.

The role of women changed due to growing industrialization. Women were now seen as in charge of the household and children. Fights for women’s rights grew as well. This and slavery were the topics most called for reform.

Anti-slavery Movement: Growing tensions began between the North and South due to the controversy of slavery. An anti-slavery movement was funded. Slaves were already trying to escape to the North and Canada, revolts were also a major concern.

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When
-mid 1600s
Where
-First congregation- 1774 in Essex church, London
Who
-From writings of John Biddle
Beliefs
-believe in moral authority but not divinity of Jesus
-opposes trinitarian theology

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Religious revivals in early 19th century

Partly reaction against rationalism of Enlightenment

Religions rejected by believers of liberal/forgiving

Calvinism counterattack against liberal views

Movement began among educated people

Young college men motivated to preach by teachers

Successful were understood and audience-based

Related to general democratization of America

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When
-1830
Where
-Rochester, New York
Who
-Joseph Smith
Beliefs
-Christian church restored by ‘the Mormon prophet Joseph Smith’
(The young man “spoke to God”)
-God gives virtually everyone salvation (but they aim for a higher celestial kingdom through participation and obedience to the church)

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Politics:

Universal male suffrage allowed all white males the right to vote wheather they had land or not. (Blacks and women could not vote.) This led to a sevenfold increase in voters.

Large national parties were the Democrats and Whigs but other parties began to emerge.

Spoils system: Jackson replaced fired previous holders of office who were not democrats in order to keep everyone loyal to him.

Indian Removal Act: Jackson’s solution to the Indians was to remove them and send them further West in Mississippi. After Jackson’s presidency, the Cherokee were forced out of Georgia leading to the “Trail of Tears.”

Two-Party System: Jackson’s supporters were called Democrats and supporters of Henry Clay were Whigs. Whigs resembled the Federalists.

Jackson attacked the national bank by withdrawing all federal funds and giving them to “pet” banks. This led to inflation due to the banks quickly printing more money.

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1823: Smith receives vision about engraved plates that he is to find and translate them

(based on idea that Israelites moved to America’s before Jesus’ birth)

Followers migrate west to the “New Zion” (kingdom of God) and convert people
-founder killed in mob in Illinois
-Brigham Young lead them to Salt Lake City, Utah

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Revival of the church- seen as ‘new church’

Religious communal effort (cooperative social organization)

Beliefs draw question from government (polygamy) — tensions between government and ‘territory’

Different beliefs (abstinence, tritheism, work for faith, become gods)

Similar beliefs/practices (Lord’s Supper, Trinity, goodness of humanity, Bible)

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Origins in America but later took mission across the world to establish churches and spread the faith.

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The South was mostly made up of traditionalists. The impacts of reforms were mostly in the North and West. Southernera were mostly slow to support public education and humanitarian reforms. When the anti-slavery movement began and quickly grew, the South was alarmed and threatened because they believed this was a threat from the North.

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Emotion and fear of damnation instead of rationality

Dramatic preaching that attracted new people

World end at second coming formed new church

Traced American Indians to lost tribes of Israel

Divisions between newer and older churches

Affected all sections of the country

New religions helped bring social reform

Provided leadership and volunteers for movements