# data[].attributes.body
https://www.merckvetmanual.com/behavior/normal-social-behavior-and-behavioral-problems-of-domestic-animals/behavioral-problems-of-cattle

# data[].attributes.body
One normal ingestive behavior of beef cattle is their sodium appetite. Due to high cellulose digestion, there is a need to buffer the acid products of this. This digestion demands continuous high secretion of alkaline saliva. Because of the low Na level in plants, cattle have developed the behavior of seeking salt by taste and smell. If cattle have Na deficiency, a powerful behavioral dimension in the search for food develops.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6392276

# data[].attributes.headline
Post #15 Neonatal Behaviors (Newborn's Perspective)

# data[].attributes.subject
Post #15 Neonatal Behaviors (Newborn's Perspective)

# data[].attributes.body
Three neonatal behaviors of calfs that typically follow birth include standing, suckling for colostrum, and allowing the cow to lick. Within the first 2 hours after birth, calves should be standing up to be able to nurse. It is critical for the calf to suckle for colostrum within the first 4 hours after birth. The colostrum contains antibodies to help the immune system of the calf. The digestive tract of the calf immediately begins changing after birth and the ability to absorb these antibodies decreases over the first 24 hours of life. Another neonatal behavior includes allowing to cow to lick and clean off the afterbirth or placenta. This allows the mother and calf to create a bond and be able to recognize each other.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=13&ved=2ahUKEwia0YbUsa_hAhUK16wKHd9_BKgQFjAMegQIAhAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldenplains.colostate.edu%2Fagri%2Fagri_docs%2FFirst%252072%2520Hours.pdf&usg=AOvVaw12NC1tuRGqmVzS8lUn3syT

# data[].attributes.headline
Post #14 Maternal Behaviors (Mother's Perspective)

# data[].attributes.subject
Post #14 Maternal Behaviors (Mother's Perspective)

# data[].attributes.body
Three maternal behaviors include licking of the calf, placentophagia, and suckling.
Licking of the calf begins about 1-7 minutes after birth and helps stimulate breathing, circulation, urination, and defecation for the calf. Placentophagia is when cows commonly ingest some or all of the placenta after birth. This can often cause the Flehman response in which pheromones are released in the body, this is believed to play a role in maternal recognition of the cows young. Suckling is probably the most important maternal behavior by providing food and colostrum to their young.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018506X07000621#aep-bibliography-id28

# data[].attributes.body
A cow standing to be mounted is the most accurate sign of estrus. Standing heat is the most sexually intensive period of the estrous cycle. During this period, cows stand to be mounted by other cows or move forward slightly with the weight of the mounting cow.

# data[].attributes.body
One common male sexual behavior observed in bulls is male to male competition for female breeding. They are able to keep other males from breeding with females by fighting. The most dominant bull is the one that breeds with the most females.

# data[].attributes.body
The type of dominance hierarchy most frequently seen in beef cattle is triangular relationships in large herds. Dominance in cattle is based on age, sex, weight, presence of horns, and territoriality. Breeds of cattle can also play a role- heavier dairy cattle are dominant to lighter breeds, while lighter beef cattle are dominant to heavier breeds. Hierarchies of cattle are constantly changing as cows are added or removed from the herd. The higher the rank of the animal, the better quality of food and resting places are available to them.

https://www.merckvetmanual.com/behavior/normal-social-behavior-and-behavioral-problems-of-domestic-animals/social-behavior-of-cattle

# data[].attributes.body
Dominating behavior includes displays such as lowering the head and bulls combat fighting with their horns. This is considered either offensive or defensive fighting in order to establish dominance within the herd.

# data[].attributes.body
Visual: Visual communication helps with predation in cattle. Their eyes are located on the sides of their head to detect for predation and giving them a larger line of sight.

Auditory: Vocalizations are an important mode of communication among cattle and can provide information on the age, sex, dominance status and reproductive status of the caller. Calves can recognize their mothers using vocalizations as well.

Tactile: Tactile communication is represented by the suckling response in cow calf pairs. When the calf gets kicked when it suckles from the wrong cow and not its mom, it lets the calf know not to do that again.

Olfactory: Cattle communicate through smell in terms of reproduction. using odorants in cow urine that detect libido and odors associated with different reproductive states to let the bulls know if the cows are in heat. They also communicate maternal care through olfactory modalities by the suckling response as well. The calf has a signature smell in their amniotic fluid which lets the cow know if a calf is not hers.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2015.00069/full

# data[].attributes.body
This working facility includes a Turret Gate, Dual Alley, and a chute with head gate. The Turret gate adds negative reinforcement to the flight zone of beef cattle to move them towards the alley. We can also add positive punishment by applying head gate pressure to disobedient cattle or animals that are moving around too much during treatment.

# data[].attributes.body
One sensory bias in beef cattle is their sensitiveness to high frequency sounds in which people cannot normally hear. These sounds can arouse the animals and increase stress levels when first introduced to the high frequency sounds.
https://www.lifestyleblock.co.nz/lifestyle-file/livestock-a-pets/cattle/cattle-behaviour/item/55-cattle-senses.html

# data[].attributes.body
This study compares the improved performance of beef calves after weaning to motivation for the reward otherwise known as operant conditioning and learning abilities

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
JavaScript is disabled on your browser. Please enable JavaScript to use all the features on this page.

Abstract

Weaning in suckler calves influences performance in a learning task. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the improved performance after weaning, including relocation, is due to differences in motivation for the reward or in learning abilities. Forty Aubrac calves were used; half of them were weaned from their dams at around eight months, the other half were weaned one month later. After weaning, calves were housed in groups of four in a new setting. From the day after weaning of the last group of calves, the animals were subjected to two tests: (1) an arena test, (2) a T-maze test where one arm led to either a social or a food reward. The T-maze test consisted of three sessions: in Session 1, trials were conducted until the animal acquired the task (i.e. did not take the unrewarded arm on three consecutive trials); in Session 2, the motivation for the reward was assessed via the walking time of the animal to reach the reward; in Session 3, the place of reward was reversed and the animals were trained until they acquired the new task.

Calves weaned for one day explored more ( P < 0.05) and had lower heart rates during the arena test ( P < 0.05) compared to the ones weaned for one month. During the T-maze test, calves weaned for one month versus one day did not differ in their capacities to learn the initial route (Session 1) or in their motivation for either the social or food reward (Session 2). Calves weaned for one day learned significantly faster ( P < 0.05) the reversed route (Session 3) than calves weaned for one month. Hence, the better performances at reversal in the T-maze by calves that have just been weaned cannot be accounted for by a higher motivation for the reward. A better cognitive control of their behaviour due to a lower stress state is suggested by our results.

View full text

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Enhancement of performances in a learning task in suckler calves after weaning and relocation: Motivational versus cognitive control?: A pilot study

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
JavaScript is disabled on your browser. Please enable JavaScript to use all the features on this page. Weaning in suckler calves influences performance in a learning task. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the improved performance after weaning, including relocation, is due to differences in motivation for the reward or in learning abilities.

# data[].attributes.body
Gentle touching applied during the early life of suckling beef calves can reduce avoidance distance, stress reactions, and cortisol levels at the abattoir thus improving meat tenderness.

# data[].attributes.body
These behavioral measures such as docility and flight distance can have an economically beneficial effect on the management of beef cattle. When beef cattle are easier to manage there is less time and energy put in, thus lowering labor costs. The cost of medicine could be lowered as well by not having to administer medication such as calming agents

# data[].attributes.headline
Post #3 Link Between Behavior and Genetics

# data[].attributes.subject
Post #3 Link Between Behavior and Genetics

# data[].attributes.body
This study determines the variation of feeding behavior and temperament of cattle sired by Angus, Charolais, or Hybrid bulls. Considering behavior and temperament in beef cattle breeding goals could have a positive economic effect by improving management efficiency.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Milner Library proxy server will allow authorized individuals to use the indexes and databases when connecting through a computer off-campus.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose the species beef cattle to research through out the semester because I feel like learning more about this species would be very beneficial to me specifically. This is because I do not have that much personal experience with livestock since I do not come from an agricultural background. Many of my peers and classmates here in the Agriculture Department come from family farms and grew up around livestock. I believe doing research on beef cattle rather than cats or dogs will be beneficial in giving me background knowledge that I will need for getting into veterinary school and hopefully having my own practice some day.