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by sharlene, angelina and wen yan
1.local catchment water is rain water that is collected by large land areas such as reservoirs.
2. the source of the tap is rain water.
3. the source located is reservoirs in singapore.
4. local catchment areas take advantage of singapore's high rainfall. they can also be recreational places.
5. land used for local catchment areas implies less is available for other uses such as housing and industry. local catchment areas can also be ineffective when there is little rainfall or a drought.

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By Delwin, Jovinne and Charisse :)
1. Imported water is water we get from Malaysia
2.The source of this tap is the water in Malaysia.
3.The source is located in Johor state Malaysia.
4.An advantage of importing water is that importing water does not require land and hence frees up the land for other uses.Another advantage is that imported water is a cheaper source of water compared to desalinated water or NEWater.
5.A disadvantage of imported water is that the imported water may not be enough to meet water demands.Another disadvantage is water agreements eventually expire and there are no guarantees of future agreements.

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By :Natalie ,Natasha and griphyth

1our tap is water that is imported from another countries
2.Our source of the tap is mostly Form Malaysia The amount of water we take in for Malaysia is about 250 gallons of water which can fill up to 12.5 Swimming pools
3.the source of the Malaysia water we get is from Johor
4.our advantage of the import water is that we cleanse The water and sell it back to Malaysia which ,makes us a profit This shows us how much Singapore rely on other country’s
5.our only disadvantage is that is any thing messes up the profit is greatly decrease and if Malaysia ever have a great decrease in water or rain fall our import Water would be at a great lost and in a pandemic water will not be imported

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By Chloe, Celeste and Ella
1.  Local catchment water is the first national tap.
2.  Has large land area to collect rain water.
3.  It is located at Serangoon , MacRithchie, Punggol and other reservoirs.
4.  The advantages of this tap is that their separate system ensure that the water ways are free of pollution and rain water is collected through a comprehensive network of drains, canals and rivers and channelled to the reservoirs where it is stored and treated before drinking.
5.  Too much land is used for the local catchment water.

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By Desiree, Charlotte and Akif

1. NEWater is the brand name given to highly treated reclaimed wastewater produced by Singapore's Public Utilities Board.

2.NEWater is a high graded reclaimed water produced from treated used water that is further purified using advanced technologies and ultra-violet disinfection, making it clean and safe to drink.

3.NEWater is located in Singapore.

4.The NEWater process recycles our treated used water into ultra-clean, high-grade reclaimed water, allowing us to drink it safely.

5.The process is complicated

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By:Thu Aung, Yongjing, Jacob

New water is one of Singapore’s four national taps.New water is also a high grade reclaimed water which is purified using advanced technology and ultra violet disinfection which makes the water safe to drink.

A percentage of NEWater is mixed with raw water from the reservoirs and treatment at the waterworks.

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Ayden, Jayden, Yitro

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Keane, Rizqy, Raiyan

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Singapore has built a robust, diversified and sustainable water supply from four water sources known as the Four National Taps - Water from Local Catchment , Imported Water, high-grade reclaimed water known as NEWater and Desalinated Water. In integrating the water system and maximising the efficiency of each of the four national taps, Singapore has overcome its lack of natural water resources to meet the needs of a growing nation.

It also reinforces the need for continual investment in R&D on water technology to seek more cost-effective w ays of treating, recycling and supplying water. Most of all, it is about how everyone in Singapore has a stake in water - as a necessary resource, an economic asset and an environmental treasure.

The Integrated Water System

Our Water, Our Future is a publication that sets out the water strategies and plans PUB will be undertaking in the next 50 years. T his publication shares how we plan to expand our capacities on water supply, used water management and drainage against the challenges of urbanisation, climate change and rising cost of energy.

Our Water, Our Future was first published in 2016. The revised edition was released in March 2017.

Download PDF >>

Water from Local Catchment

NEWater: A Singapore Success Story

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Make Every Drop Count. PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency

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Under the 1962 Water Agreement, Singapore has the full and exclusive right to draw up to 250 million imperial gallons per day (mgd) of water from the Johor River at a price of 3 sen per thousand gallons.

In return, Johor is entitled to buy treated water up to 2 per cent of the total quantity of water we import to Singapore on any given day. In other words, Johor is entitled to buy up to about 5 mgd of treated water, provided that Singapore is able to draw its full entitlement of 250 mgd of water from the Johor River.

Under the 1962 Water Agreement, Johor is entitled to buy treated water at 50 sen per thousand gallons. Malaysia benefits from this pricing arrangement, as 50 sen per thousand gallons is only a fraction of the true cost to Singapore of treating the water.

At Malaysia's request, Singapore has been supplying Johor with treated water in excess of Johor's entitlement under the 1962 Water Agreement. This excess treated water is supplied at the same price as under the 1962 Water Agreement. This is done out of goodwill and without prejudice to our rights under the 1962 Water Agreement. Singapore has in fact been regularly supplying Johor with 16 mgd, and up to 22 mgd at times, of treated water.
Can the water prices in the Agreement be revised?
Both Singapore and Malaysia must comply fully with all the provisions of the 1962 Water Agreement, including the price of water stipulated in it. Any breach of the 1962 Water Agreement would call into question the Separation Agreement, which is the fundamental basis of Singapore's very existence as an independent sovereign state. Neither Singapore nor Malaysia can unilaterally change the terms of this solemn agreement.

The 1962 Water Agreement provided for a price review after 25 years. Specifically, there was a right to review the price jointly in 1987. Malaysia, however, did not exercise this right in 1987. Since the right to review has lapsed, neither Singapore nor Malaysia can unilaterally change the price of water sold to Singapore.

In the event Malaysia chose not to review the water price in 1987 , and on that basis, Singapore then took several actions which also benefitted Malaysia. This included building the Linggiu Dam at the cost of over S$300 million, which has increased the yield of the Johor River.

The terms of the 1962 Water Agreement were most recently reaffirmed between our two countries in January 2018 at the 8 th Singapore-Malaysia Leaders' Retreat.
Do we have enough water to meet our needs?
Water is fundamental to our survival, and is a scarce and precious resource.

Recognising our water vulnerability, we have consciously and steadily developed two additional weather-resilient local sources (NEWater and desalinated water). Together with local catchments and imported water, they form our Four National Taps, and provide Singapore with robust and sustainable water supply.

The quantity of imported water is limited by the amount of water we can draw under the 1962 Water Agreement, i.e., up to 250 mgd.

Growth in our local catchments is limited, as two-thirds of our island is already water catchment area. This means that any additional water supply will have to be provided by NEWater or desalinated water. While NEWater and desalinated water are weather-resilient, they are costlier to produce. Water has to be priced to reflect the long-run marginal cost (LRMC) of producing and conveying our next drop of water, which is likely to come from NEWater and desalinated water.

Our water demand is increasing. By 2060, our water use is projected to about double from today's 430 mgd. We must therefore plan ahead to find the needed water and invest in weather-resilient water sources. Today, we have three desalination plants. By 2020, we will have two more plants at Marina East and Jurong Island. This year, we started works on Phase Two of the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS), which will enhance our used water management, and boost NEWater production when completed in 2025.

We will continue to build up our desalination and NEWater capacities. By 2060, these two sources will be able to meet up to 85 per cent of our water needs then.
Make every drop count
While PUB addresses the supply of water to cater for future demand, all of us have to better manage our usage patterns and learn to use water more wisely.

Our household water consumption has decreased from 148 litres per person per day in 2016 to 143 litres in 2017. Our water conservation efforts are showing results, but we must do better.

Do your part. Save water where you can. Make every drop count.

Learn more about the Water Agreements here:
https://www1.mfa.gov.sg/SINGAPORES-FOREIGN-POLICY/Key-Issues/Water-Agreements
https://www1.mfa.gov.sg/-/media/Images/MFA/Special-Events/Water/Water-Talks_-If-Only-It-Could.pdf (2003 Publication)

Other useful links:
https://www.gov.sg/factually/content/why-increase-water-prices https://www.gov.sg/microsites/everydropcounts Sources: MFA and MEWR
This article is accurate as of Jul 2018. For the latest updates, please visit www.mewr.gov.sg, and www1.mfa.gov.sg.

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Can the prices in the 1962 Water Agreement be revised

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Under the 1962 Water Agreement, Singapore has the full and exclusive right to draw up to 250 million imperial gallons per day (mgd) of water from the Johor River at a price of 3 sen per thousand gallons.