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In 1066, the Anglo-Saxon kings of the Early Middle Ages were swept away by the invading Normans. King Harold of England Fought against William the conquer on a hill near Hastings. Harold a legend has it took an arrow in the eye and William claimed the throne.

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John I signs the Magna Carta: 15th June 1215

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John I signs the Magna Carta: 15th June 1215

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After a rebellion by his barons, John was forced to sign the Magna Carta or Great Charter would place certain restrictions on his royal authority.

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Simon De Montfort calls the first Parliament: 20th January 1265 

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Simon De Montfort calls the first Parliament: 20th January 1265 

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Henry III had been in on going conflict with his barons leading to the signing of the Provisions of Oxford which created a council of advisers, chosen by the barons. Henry wriggled out of the provisions, but was defeated and captured by Simon De Montfort at the Battle of Lewes on 14 May 1264.

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Edward’s conquests of Scotland had sparked conflict, mostly by William Wallace who was eventually executed in 1305. Discontent continued, however, and on 25 March 1306 Robert the Bruce had himself crowned King of Scotland in defiance of Edward I who then died on his way up to do battle.

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The hundred Years war begins:  April 1337

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The hundred Years war begins:  April 1337

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From 1066,England had been linked to France, since William I was Duke of Normandy and as such a vassal of the French King. One of the most notable results of this vassalage occurred in 1120 when King Henry I sent his son and heir, William Adelin, to kneel before the French king. On his return journey, however, William’s ship was wrecked and the young prince drowned, sending England into Anarchy

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Bubonic plague had already laid waste to much of Europe and Asia, but in 1348 it arrived in England, probably through the port of Bristol. The Grey Friars’ Chronicle reports on 24 June as the date of its arrival, although it likely arrived sometime earlier but took time to spread. In a few years it killed between 30% and 45% of the population.

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The Peasants Revolt begins: 15 June 1381

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The Peasants Revolt begins: 15 June 1381

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In the aftermath of the Black Death fit workers were in high demand and they used this scarcity of labour to attempt to establish better working conditions. The landowners though they were reluctant to comply. Coupled with high taxes this discontent among peasants led to a revolt led by Watt Tyler.

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With the French King Charles VI sick, Henry V took the chance to reassert English claims to the throne. He invaded Normandy but when a much larger French force had him pinned down at Agincourt it looked like his number was up. However, the result was a remarkable victory for the English.

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The Wars of the Roses begins at St Albans: 22 May 1455

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The Wars of the Roses begins at St Albans: 22 May 1455

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Henry VI’s military defeats and mental fragility led to divisions within the court which would escalate into full scale war at the Battle of St Albans. Although tensions had been building for many years the First Battle of St Albans is often seen as the real beginning of the War of the Roses.

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William Caxton prints the first book in England: 18 November 1477

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William Caxton prints the first book in England: 18 November 1477

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William Caxton was a former merchant in Flanders. On his return he established the first printing press in England which would print, among other things, the Canterbury Tales by Chaucer.