# data[].attributes.body
College campuses exist to develop student education and identity, providing a safe environment for students to learn and engage with each other. Yet, college students are at risk of sexual violence crimes on campus, which have a devastating impact on their health and academic progress. While attending college, the risks of campus sexual assault made my campus environment less safe, especially at night. I chose this topic based on the impact it has on its victims and other students. As an administrative assistant for the Gender and Women's Studies Program, I have worked with other university and community programs to ensure a safe campus for all students. According to Black et al. (2011), sexual violence affects the health and well-being of victims, and higher rates of these crimes are committed on college campuses. This padlet is for students, faculty, and academic programs who want to learn more about the impact of sexual violence, laws regarding these crimes, campus policies and resources for victims, and recommendations for the prevention and response of sexual violence on campus.

# data[].attributes.body
While researching this topic, I had the opportunity to interview Dr. Cynthia Jones, director of the Office of Victim Advocacy and Violence Prevention at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. According to Dr. Jones, victims of power-based violence are less likely to finish college, often dropping out the semester of their assault (personal communication, November 16th, 2021). Power-based violence includes sexual assault, stalking, domestic violence, and dating violence which revolve around an individual controlling another through interpersonal violence and assertion of power. Students who are victims of power-based violence do not always seek help, especially male victims, due to fearing the surrounding stigma. Without support or resources to handle the aftermath of power-based violence, victims struggle to continue their classes or go back to campus, resulting in poor grades and low retention. According to Dr. Jones, the best practices a college can implement to help power-based violence victims is to:

1) Develop and enhance campus policies related to the intervention and reporting of power-based violence

2) Increase campus support services for power-based violence victims and collaborate with community programs to develop prevention programs and support groups.

3) Destigmatize campus members who are survivors of power-based violence to encourage victims to seek help and report sexual assault.

When student victims of power-based assault seek help, the person they often disclose information to is their class instructor (Dr. Jones, personal communication, November 16th, 2021). Campus prevention and response policies should extend to other forms of power-based violence. Power-based violence exceeds outside sexual assault such as stalking, dating violence, and domestic violence which can lead to sexual assault. It is essential for faculty to recognize these other signs of power-based violence to assist their students. Additionally, faculty need to stay informed about their responsibilities to report these cases after receiving information about them from their students.

# data[].attributes.headline
Slide 3: National Association of Student Personnel Administrators Guide to Ending Campus Sexual Violence

# data[].attributes.subject
Slide 3: National Association of Student Personnel Administrators Guide to Ending Campus Sexual Violence

# data[].attributes.body
The Culture of Respect Collect Program, according to Korman et al. (2020), is a two-year program that guides higher education institutions toward ending sexual violence on campuses along with completing self-assessment and organizational changes to strengthen sexual violence prevention and response. The program follows the CORE Blueprint that lists six key components for sexual violence prevention and reporting strategy; Survivor support, self-assessment, clear policies, multitiered education, schoolwide mobilization, and public disclosure. This report shows how each component increases developing new campus sexual prevention and response strategies and  increases campus collaboration.

# data[].attributes.body
The Lauren McCluskey Foundation released five initiatives to higher education institutions in response to dating violence and stalking on college campuses. The Lauren McCluskey Foundation was established in honor of Lauren McCluskey, a University of Utah student killed in 2018 outside of her dorm by a man she had been dating (Redden, 2021). While McCluskey had notified the university police about the man's behavior, the university failed to protect her. The five initiatives are as listed:

*Raising awareness through an annual Dating Violence and Stalking Awareness Day
*Having faculty include in their syllabi a statement that they will listen to students if they are being threatened.
*Have campuses develop a blueprint for campus response to dating violence and stalking
*Develop a campus safety score rating for colleges based on their prevention and response to campus safety threats.
*Sharing resources and advocating for dating violence and stalking laws.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Lauren McCluskey Foundation announced five initiatives on Friday to respond to dating violence and stalking on campuses. The announcement marked the three-year anniversary of the murder of McCluskey, a University of Utah student and track and field athlete who was killed outside her dorm in 2018 by a man she'd dated briefly.

The University of Utah has acknowledged having failed McCluskey, who repeatedly notified university police of concerns about her ex-boyfriend's behavior, and the university said in a 2020 settlement agreement with her family that her death was "preventable."

The initiatives were announced Friday during a press conference on Utah's campus involving Utah's president. They include:

Raising awareness of the problem on college campuses through an annual Dating Violence and Stalking Awareness Day, to be held every year on Oct. 22, the anniversary of McCluskey's murder.

Expanding adoption of Lauren's Promise, a statement professors can include in their syllabi that alerts students that the faculty member will listen to them and believe them if they are being threatened.

Develop a "best practices blueprint" for effective campus responses to dating violence and stalking.

Develop and disseminate a "campus safety score" rating colleges based on procedures, training and resources that are available to respond to campus safety threats.

Share resources and advocate for advocating for stronger laws on dating violence and stalking.

"Telling Lauren's story, as painful as it is, makes a difference," said Jill McCluskey, Lauren's mother and the president of the foundation. "This is someone who died because she wasn't helped."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Responding to Dating Violence and Stalking on Campuses

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Lauren McCluskey Foundation announced five initiatives on Friday to respond to dating violence and stalking on campuses. The announcement marked the three-year anniversary of the murder of McCluskey, a University of Utah student and track and field athlete who was killed outside her dorm in 2018 by a man she'd dated briefly.

# data[].attributes.body
With colleges opening up after a year of remote learning due to COVID-19, the communication director for the National Sexual Violence Resource Center, Laura Palumbo, is encouraging campuses to teach new students about sexual assault prevention during a period labeled as the red zone (start of Fall classes to Thanksgiving holidays), where more than fifty percent of college sexual assaults occur (Carrasco, 2021). Along with campus initiatives, students across multiple universities have held protests against fraternity houses after student reports of sexual assaults in fraternities. While many believe that the impact of COVID-19 included the elimination of sexual assault, Palumbo suggests that the pandemic only changed the conditions under which the abuse occurred. She states that there may have been an increase in sexual violence due to students being trapped in forced-choice housing, living in unsafe households.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Colleges re-engage students on sexual health and assault

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Back on campus, students are ready to party. Officials are ramping up efforts to promote safe sex and prevent assault.

# data[].attributes.headline
Slide 7: 14th Amendment - Constitutional Law

# data[].attributes.subject
Slide 7: 14th Amendment - Constitutional Law

# data[].attributes.body
The Fourteenth amendment of the Constitution (U.S. Const. amend. XIV) protects a person's right to bodily integrity. Sexual assault violates a person's constitutional right to bodily integrity and therefore it cannot be justified as a State interest.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Amendment XIV

Section 1.

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2.

Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state.

Section 3.

No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Section 4.

The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5.

The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.

# data[].attributes.body
Title IX (Education Amendments Act of 1972, 2018) prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education, including sexual harassment or sexual violence. Educational institutions are required to designate a Title IX coordinator to oversee complaints of sex discrimination, sexual harassment, and sexual violence. Additionally, schools are responsible to set procedures for complaints under Title IX.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
(b) Preferential or disparate treatment because of imbalance in participation or receipt of Federal benefits; statistical evidence of imbalance

Nothing contained in subsection (a) of this section shall be interpreted to require any educational institution to grant preferential or disparate treatment to the members of one sex on account of an imbalance which may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of persons of that sex participating in or receiving the benefits of any federally supported program or activity, in comparison with the total number or percentage of persons of that sex in any community, State, section, or other area: Provided, That this subsection shall not be construed to prevent the consideration in any hearing or proceeding under this chapter of statistical evidence tending to show that such an imbalance exists with respect to the participation in, or receipt of the benefits of, any such program or activity by the members of one sex.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
(b) Preferential or disparate treatment because of imbalance in participation or receipt of Federal benefits; statistical evidence of imbalance Nothing contained in subsection (a) of this section shall be interpreted to require any educational institution to grant preferential or disparate treatment to the members of one sex on account of

# data[].attributes.headline
Slide 8: Mitchell v. Cedar Rapids - Judicial Law

# data[].attributes.subject
Slide 8: Mitchell v. Cedar Rapids - Judicial Law

# data[].attributes.body
The ruling of Mitchell v Cedar Rapids (2013) held schools responsible for sexual violence crimes against students off campus and after school hours. This case influences how schools respond to sexual violence crime off campus and prevent sexual assault from occurring outside of campus grounds to ensure student safety.

# data[].attributes.headline
Slide 9: Policy on Sexual Harassment, Sexual Assault, Dating Violence, and Stalking - Administrative Law

# data[].attributes.subject
Slide 9: Policy on Sexual Harassment, Sexual Assault, Dating Violence, and Stalking - Administrative Law

# data[].attributes.body
Higher Education institutions are required to adopt a policy on sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking for students and employees (19 TAC § 3.4). The policies are to include the following:

*Prohibited behavior definitions
*Sanctions for violations
*Reporting protocols
*Measures to protect sexual violence victims

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
(a) Each postsecondary educational institution shall adopt a policy on sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking applicable to each enrolled student and employee of the institution and have the policy approved by the institution's governing body. The policy must include: (1) Definitions of prohibited behavior; (2) Sanctions for violations; (3) Protocol for reporting and responding to reports of sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking that complies with the electronic reporting requirement in §3.7 of this subchapter (relating to Electronic Reporting Requirement); (4) Interim measures to protect victims of sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, or stalking pending the institution's disciplinary process, including protection from retaliation, and any other accommodations or supportive measures available to those victims at the institution. This section is not intended to limit an institution's ability to implement accommodations to others as needed; and (5) A statement regarding: (A) the importance of a victim of sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, or stalking going to a hospital for treatment and preservation of evidence, if applicable, as soon as practicable after the incident; (B) the right of a victim of sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, or stalking to report the incident to the institution and to receive a prompt and equitable resolution of the report; and (C) the right of a victim of a crime to choose whether to report the crime to law enforcement, to be assisted by the institution in reporting the crime to law enforcement, or to decline to report the crime to law enforcement. (b) Each postsecondary educational institution shall make its policy on sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking available to students, faculty, and staff members by: (1) including the policy in the student handbook and personnel handbook or the institution's equivalent(s); and (2) creating and maintaining a web page dedicated solely to the policy that is easily accessible through a clearly identifiable link on the institution's homepage. (c) Each postsecondary educational institution shall require each entering freshman or undergraduate transfer student to attend an orientation on the institution's sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking policy before or during the first semester or term of enrollment at the institution. The orientation: (1) may be provided online; and (2) must include the statements described by subsection (a)(5) of this section. (d) Each postsecondary educational institution shall develop and implement a comprehensive prevention and outreach program on sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking for enrolled students and employees of the institution. The program must: (1) address a range of strategies to prevent sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking, including a public awareness campaign; a victim empowerment program; primary prevention; bystander intervention; and risk reduction; and (2) provide students with information regarding the protocol for reporting incidents of sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking, including the name, office location, and contact information of the institution's Title IX coordinator, by: (A) e-mailing the information to each student at the beginning of each semester or other academic term; (B) including the information in the institution's orientation (which may be provided online); and (C) as part of the protocol for responding to reports of sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking adopted under subsection (a) of this section, each postsecondary educational institution shall: (i) to the greatest extent practicable based on the number of counselors employed by the institution, ensure each alleged victim or alleged perpetrator of a sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking incident and any other person who reports such incidents are offered counseling provided by a counselor who does not provide counseling to any other person involved in the incident; and (ii) notwithstanding any other law, allow an alleged victim or alleged perpetrator of a sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking incident to drop a course in which both parties are enrolled without any academic penalty. (e) Each postsecondary educational institution shall review its sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking policy at least each biennium and revise the policy as necessary and obtain approval from the institution's governing board.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
(a) Each postsecondary educational institution shall adopt a policy on sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking applicable to each enrolled student and employee of the institution and have the policy approved by the institution's governing body.

# data[].attributes.body
According to the Handbook of operating Procedures at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (2015), their institution protects students from sexual violence by stating campus reporting procedures, definitions of different forms of discrimination and sexual violence, resources for students, and a rundown of the grievance process for sexual discrimination.

# data[].attributes.headline
Slide 11: Ethical Principle - Compliance with Laws, Regulations, and Standards

# data[].attributes.subject
Slide 11: Ethical Principle - Compliance with Laws, Regulations, and Standards

# data[].attributes.body
Compliance with laws, regulations, and standards, according to UTRGV (2015), is an ethical standard expected for all faculty and staff to exercise as a form of developing responsibility and accountability. By following laws and policies, I am able to help the campus community by reporting sexual violence activities as instructed by IX and guiding students toward the resources they need.

# data[].attributes.body
As an undergraduate student at UTRGV, I understood the policies behind reporting sexual assault but worried more about what would occur afterward in moving on from such a damaging event. Researching the legal and ethical standards regarding sexual violence showed me how higher education institutions are responsible for providing resources to mental health and helping survivors of sexual assault become comfortable with being on campus and continuing their education. Having offices such as the OVAVP on campus grounds helps students learn more about sexual violence and have a center to go to for support. These educational laws are established to help sexual assault survivors feel safe and give them the strength they need to finish school. As a higher education employee, my role gives me the responsibility to aid sexual assault victims on campus and assure that they become more than just a victim or statistic. Providing student support extends to fostering student growth, development, and healing, which continues to be a vital aspect of my work.

# data[].attributes.body
Recommendations for higher education institutions seeking to prevent sexual violence crimes and aid survivors include:

*Expanding the clarity of survivor procedures in sexual misconduct policy, clarifying amnesty policies, and ensuring campus coordinators are available for sexual violence survivors.

*Developing clear policies that are accessible to students with disabilities or who are not native English speakers.

*Establishing sexual violence prevention and awareness programs for continuing undergraduate students and graduate students to complete.

*Expanding data collection for sexual violence reports and sharing results of climate surveys and sexual violence prevalence discussions in annual reports.

*Increasing student engagement by allowing student groups to provide feedback on the institution's sexual misconduct policy.

* Expanding assessment on institutional sexual violence prevention programs, awareness campaigns, and survivor support services.

# data[].attributes.body
19 Tex. Admin. Code § 3.4 (2020). https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=19&pt=1&ch=3&rl=4

Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Walters, M. L., Merrick, M. T., Chen, J., & Stevens, M. R. (2011). National intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2010 summary report. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf

Carrasco, M. (2021, September 24). Colleges re-engage students on sexual health and assault. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2021/09/24/colleges-re-engage-students-sexual-health-and-assault

Education Amendments Act of 1972, 20 U.S.C. §§1681 - 1688 (2018). https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/20/1681

Korman, A. T., Henkle, J. E., & Wesaw, A. (2020). Ending campus sexual violence: Outcomes from the culture of respect collective program. National Association of Student Personnel Administrators. https://www.naspa.org/report/collectiveoutcomes

Mitchell v. Cedar Rapids, 832 N.W.2d 689 (Iowa 2013). https://cite.case.law/nw2d/832/689/

Redden, E. (2021, October 25). Responding to dating violence and stalking on campuses. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/10/25/responding-dating-violence-and-stalking-campuses

U.S. Const. amend. XIV. https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv

UTRGV. (2015). Sexual misconduct. (HOP 03-300). https://www.utrgv.edu/hop/policies/adm-03-300.pdf

UTRGV. (2015). Standards of conduct guide. https://www.utrgv.edu/compliance/_files/documents/utrgv-standards-of-conduct-guide.pdf