# data[].attributes.body
Year :17th, 18th centuries

Author : Gouin and Berlitz.

Basic Beliefs:
1.Grammatical rules.

The rules of grammar tell us how we should form words and sentences in a way that is accepted as"grammatical" or correct, as the rules reflect the inherent structure of a language.

2.syntactic structures.
In English grammar, sentence structure is the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. The grammatical function or meaning of a sentence is dependent on this structural organization, which is also called syntax or syntactic structure.
3.Memorisation of Vocabulary.
Since comprehension is the ultimate goal of reading, the importance of vocabulary development cannot be overestimated. A robust vocabulary improves all areas of communication — listening, speaking, reading and writing.
4.Translation of Literary texts.
Literary translation is the translation of creative and dramatic prose and poetry into other languages. This includes the translation of literature from ancient languages and the translation of modern fiction so that it can reach a wider audience.

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Year : 19th
Author : Francois Gouin.
Basic Beliefs:
1.Series Method.
This insight was later used to develop the Series method. The Series Method is a “series” of connected sentences that are easy to understand and requires little knowledge of grammar.
2.connected sentences.
Linking words, also called connecting words, are words that you use to combine two different thoughts into one sentence. Each part of the final sentence is called a clause.

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Year : (1880)
Author : Charles Berlitz
Basic Beliefs:
No translation, and little if any analysis of grammatical rules and syntactic structures.

Classroom instruction was conducted in the target language.

There was an inductive approach to grammar.

Only everyday vocabulary was taught.

Concrete vocabulary was taught through pictures and objects, while abstract vocabulary was taught by association of ideas.

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Year : 1950
Author : Charles Berlitz
Basic Beliefs:
1. Linguistic and psychological theory and scientific descriptive analysis of a wide assortment of languages.

Dependence on mimicry and memorisation of set phrases

Teaching structural patterns by means of repetitive drills (??Repetitio est mater studiorum??)

No grammatical explanation

Learning vocabulary in context

Use of tapes and visual aids

Focus on pronunciation

Immediate reinforcement of correct responses

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Year : 1970
Author : David Nunan
Basic Beliefs:
1.Suggestopedia
2.The Silent Way
3.Strategies-based instruction
4.Communicative Language Teaching

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The International Phonetic Association was founded in 1886, and its International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was designed to enable the sounds of any language to be accurately transcribed. One of the earliest goals of the association was to improve the teaching of modern languages.

# data[].attributes.headline
The controversy over the Direct Method was the first ofmany debates over how second and foreign languages should be taught.The history of language teaching throughout much of the twentieth century saw the rise and fall of a variety of language teaching approaches and methods, the major examples of which are described in this book. Common to most of them are the following assumptions:

# data[].attributes.subject
The controversy over the Direct Method was the first ofmany debates over how second and foreign languages should be taught.The history of language teaching throughout much of the twentieth century saw the rise and fall of a variety of language teaching approaches and methods, the major examples of which are described in this book. Common to most of them are the following assumptions:

# data[].attributes.headline
– The study of approaches and methods provides teachers with a view ofhow The field of language teaching has evolved.– Approaches and methods can be studied not as prescriptions for howto teach but as a source of well-used practices, which teachers canadapt or implement based on their own needs.– Experience in using different teaching approaches and methods canprovide teachers with basic teaching skills that they can later add to orsupplement as they develop teaching experience. as they develop teaching experience.

# data[].attributes.subject
– The study of approaches and methods provides teachers with a view ofhow The field of language teaching has evolved.– Approaches and methods can be studied not as prescriptions for howto teach but as a source of well-used practices, which teachers canadapt or implement based on their own needs.– Experience in using different teaching approaches and methods canprovide teachers with basic teaching skills that they can later add to orsupplement as they develop teaching experience. as they develop teaching experience.