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biological approach
mind and body are one
genotype - genetic make up
phenotype -  way genes are expressed, interacts with environment
twin studies demonstrate role of genetics and environment MZ twins who share 100% of DNA have higher concordance rate then DZ who share 50%

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Biological Approach
-beh is determined by biological factors
-mind and body are one and all thoughts and feelings have a physical basis
-genotype: genetic makeup
-phenotype: genetics influenced by enviro
-twin studies: test the concordance rate of Mz (100%) and Dz (50%) twins
-BENG (biochemistry, evolution, neuroanatomy, genetics)
A03
-scientific methods
-RWA drug therapies
-deterministic
-biological reductionist
-causation concerns (neurotransmitters)
-methodological issues separating nature and nurture

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The difference between genotype and phenotype
Genotypes: a persons actual genetic make-up (present in each of our cells).
Expression of genotypes can be influenced by environmental factors e.g. PKU genetic disorder prevented via diet
Phenotype: the way these genes are expressed through physical, behavioural or psychological characteristics
Psychological characteristics influenced by genetic factors e.g. intelligence, sz, OCD
Thus providing evidence that human behaviour is a combination of nature and nurture

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Biological approach evaluation:
+ scientific- drug trials, fMRIs etc.
+ irl application- led to development of psychoactive drugs to treat mental disorders
- deterministic- behaviour is governed by internal biological forces people can't control
- hard to separate nature & nurture- MZ/DZ twins and family members all have genetic similarities but also share similar environments so it's a matter of interpretation

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+ approach uses scientific and objective methods
+ application to every day life
+ the approach is less determinist than other approaches
- the approach is based on machine reductionism
- lacks external validity: cognitive psychologists are only able to infer mental processes from the behaviour they observe, so the approach sometimes suffers from being too abstract and theoretical. + research is often carried out using artificial stimuli.

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- Schema are packages of information developed through experience.
- They act as a 'mental framework' for the interpretation of incoming information received by the cognitive system.
- As we get older, our schema become more detailed and sophisticated.

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Assumptions of cognitive approach (Drew)

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Assumptions of cognitive approach (Drew)

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-internal mental processes can and should be studies scientifically
-scientists make inferences about what is going on inside people minds on basis of their behaviour
-cognitive processes are examples of theoretical models

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Schema:
packets of information that helps organise & interpret information based on past experience that allows people to take mental shortcuts in interpreting & knowing what information to interpret in situations. However these schema can also reinforce stereotypes & lead to people missing important information as a result

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+ use of this analogy successfully illustrates internal mental processes that would otherwise be unobservable
- "man as machine" - machine reductionism
- arguably deterministic
- fails to explain why people do things: descriptive rather than explanatory

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Cognitive approach - the computer analogy (Lydia)

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Cognitive approach - the computer analogy (Lydia)

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- the cognitive approach makes use of theoretical models to explain mental processes
- the computer analogy is used to explain the way in which we process information, with our brain as the 'hardware' and cognitive processes as 'software'
1. input: we take in information
2. process: store or change this information
3. output this information?

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Cognitive Approach
-studies mental processes
-info received from senses is processed by brain
-processes are an example of theoretical models
-schemas are packets of info that help process and interpret info
-computer analogy compares cog processing and reduces it to an input, process and output
A03
-machine reductionism
-scientific
-lacks external validity
-soft determinism lacks causation
-RWA for development of CBT, EWT

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cognitive approach
assumptions
internal processes should be studied
processes are private and cannot be observed so inferences have to be made
also use theoretical models to explain mental processes (computer model)

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Behaviourism
classical conditioning - pavlov

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Cognitive approach
Assumptions
There are two main assumptions of the cognitive approach:
1.      All of our behaviour is driven by internal processing. Internal processes are thing such as perception, attention, memory, language and thinking.

2.      The mind works in a similar way to a computer as we can input information (through the senses) process it, and then output the appropriate behaviour (again through the senses or through a bodily function) we as human can do more than one cognitive process at once. This is called processing in parallel.

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Wunt
structuralism- break down behaviour into basic elements
introspection - looked into internal thoughts
A03
+scientific
+used today (griffith)
- non observable
- lack of reliability

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Behaviourism
- approach is only concerned with studying behaviour that can be observed and measured.
- Classical conditioning: learning through association. Pavlov's research: conditioning dogs to salivate when a bell rings.
Pavlov showed how a neural stimulus (bell) can come to elicit a new learned response through association.
-Operant conditioning: Skinner's research: rats and pigeons in specially designed cages. When a rat activated a lever it was rewarded with a food pellet. A desirable consequence led to behaviour being repeated. If pressing a lever meant an animal avoided an electric shock, the beh would also be repeated.

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Social Learning Theory
-individuals learn through imitation and observation
-more likely to occur if we model behaviour of role models (identification)
-mediational processes: attention (to behaviour), retention (stores observed behaviour), reproduction (ability to carry out behaviour) and motivation (expect same positive reinforcement)
-Bandura Bobo Doll experiment (1961) kids who observed aggressive model acted most aggressive than non-aggressive group and control group
A03
-less deterministic
-lab evidence
-explains cultural differences
-recognises cognitive factors

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Behaviourist
-classical conditioning is learning through association
-operant conditioning is learning through consequences
-vicarious reinforcement is learning through observation of the consequences of actions of other people
+reinforcement (rewards)
-reinforcement (shock)
-increases likelihood of behaviour reoccurring
+punishment (slap)
-punishment (phone taken)
-decreases likelihood of behaviour reoccurring
A03
-RWA therapies like systematic desensitisation
-deterministic
-lab evidence (Skinner, Albert)
-sees humans as passive and have no free will
-ignores bio factors so incomplete approach

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Wunt
-introspection is insight into own conscious thoughts
-structuralism is breaking down into component parts
A03
-subjective
-lacks validity (aspects of out minds are outside of our conscious awareness)
-scientific
-deterministic

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Social learning theory:
Attention- person has to pay attention to both the behaviour and it's consequence
Retention- the behaviour has to be stored in LTM
Reproduction- (not always soon after being witnessed) but they need to also perform the observed behaviour
Motivation- person expects to receive positive reinforcement for imitating the behaviour that was modelled to them (similar to vicarious reinforcement)

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- assumption behaviour is learnt
- operant conditioning: learning by consequence (Skinners box)
- classical conditioning: learning by association of two stimuli (Pavlovs dog)