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Reasons:
1. Quraish tribe was unhappy with Muslims living in peace in Medina.
2. They used to attack the cattles of Muslims
3. Aware of their evil intentions, Prophet (SAW) sent parties to patrol around the outskirts of Medina.
4. Muslim men found that Abu Sufiyan was returning from Syria with weapons to use against Muslims

Events:
Holy Prophet (SAW) ordered to intercept that caravan. Abu Sufiyan learned about this and asked help from Makkans. Abu Jahl departed to Badr with 1000 men. However the caravan escaped the Muslims, Abu Jahl wanted to punish the Muslims to prevent any incident in future. As soon as Prophet (SAW) got this news, he marched to Badr with 313 men, 2 horses and 70 Camels. Quraish reached Badr earlier whereas Muslims were unable to get near any well. However they took control of a well nearby later. Both armies rested at Badd in the night. Holy Prophet (SAW) supplicated and prayed whole night.

" O Allah! If this small band of men perish, there will be no one alive to worship You. And yiur faith will be destroyed forever" (SAHIH BUKHARI)

By the grace of Allah it rained that night and the land of Muslims became firm with filled reservoirs.

On Ramadan 17(2A.H) the battle commenced after following the Arabic tradition of sending three best men from each army to fight each other. Ali (RA), Hamza(RA) and Ubaidan bin Harith(RA) were the three men who fought for Muslims and defeated their respective opponents.

"Let their faces be disfigured",
said Prophet(SAW) and threw a handful of dust at the opponent as the battle began.

"...And you (Prophet (SAW)) threw not when you did throw, but Allah threw..."(Al-Anfaal:17)

Soon after the battle with swords began, Quraish leaders such as Abu Jahl and Ummaiyah ibn Khilaf etc. were killed. Allah helped the Muslim  by sending Angels for help. Quraish got scattered after losing hope and Muslims got a victory despite having lesser men.

Result:
• 70 Pagans killed
• 14 Muslims martyred
• 70 Pagan Captives

Significance:
• Muslims were now confident for future battles
• Quraish lost their pride
• Strengthened the position of Prophet (SAW) in Medina
• A great number of people in Medina started followin  Islam
• The Fact that its mentioned in Quran as Day of Criterion proves its importance

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Reasons:
1. Quraish Tribe wanted their lost pride back
2. Quraish prepared an united attack with other tribes against Muslims.

Events

1. Abbas (RA) informed the Muslims of the army moving to Makkah to attack.

2. Soon, all men were armed and prepared in Medina to defend themselves.

3. The Army of Makkans encamped near the Mount of Uhad

4. After consultation and discussion, Prophet (SAW) decided to fight openly against Quraish as the majority wanted it to be like that.

5. On 3RD Shawwal 3A.H, The Muslims led by Prophet (SAW) marched towards Uhad with 1000 men.

6. "We do not know why shall we kill ourselves" said Abdullah bin Ubai (Leader of Hypocrites) who rebelled against the Muslims with 300 men

7. On reaching Uhad, Fifty archers were appointed on Mount Anain which were to not leave position at any cost.

8. The battle began, Hamza (RA) and Ali (RA) fought bravely and killed many disbelievers but Hamza (RA) got martyred by trickery.

9. Just when the Muslims were ready to get successful, the archers made a mistake and left their positions to collect booty

10. After Khalid bin Waleed saw no archers at there positions, He led an attack from the other side of the mountain

11. Now the Makkan army returned to for a counter attack and the Muslims got confused seeing themselves in a losing position

12. At the same time, a rumor of Prophet's (SAW) death brought their morale down. "Muhammad is dead"

13. However, when the got to know about the reality(Prophet (SAW) was alive), they regained their strength.

14. Muslims fought the opposition until they drove them out of the mountain.

15. The Quraish mutilated the bodies of martyrs later.

16. Wife of Abu Sufiyan, Hind chewed the liver of Hamza (RA) to avenge her late father whom Hamza (RA) killed in battle of Badr. Soon after, the Makkans left for they thought they avenged the loss in Badr.

Result

70 Muslims Martyred

22 Makkans dead

Makkans didn't got any captives/booty.

Significance:

Muslims were taught to stay in discipline and united

They learnt to obey Prophet (SAW) in every situation

Many Companions faced the honor of Martyrdom

˹Remember, O  Prophet,˺ when you left your home in the early morning to position the believers in the battlefield. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.
˹Remember˺ when two groups among you ˹believers˺ were about to cower, then Allah reassured them. So in Allah let the believers put their trust.

Indeed, Allah made you victorious at Badr when you were ˹vastly˺ outnumbered. So be mindful of Allah, perhaps you will be grateful. (Al Imran: Verse 121-123)

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Battle of Ahzaab/Trench (5 A.H - 626 C.E)

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Battle of Ahzaab/Trench (5 A.H - 626 C.E)

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Reasons:
1. Jews wanted to revenge the expulsion of Banu Nader from Medina.
2. They formed an alliance with Quraish to attack Muslims
3. The Alliance wasn't only limited to Jews and Quraish but more tribes from Arabia were a part of it.

TRIBES WHICH TOOK PART IN THE BATTLE:
Banu Ghatfan, Banu Murah, Banu Fazarah, Banu Sulaim, Banu Sa'ad, Banu Asad and more

Events:

Abu Sufiyan led an army of 10 000 men outnumbering the Muslims in Medina

Prophet (SAW) got this information and after a council with Companions, He accepted the suggestion of Salman Farsi (RA) to dig a trench around Medina preventing the opposition to enter the city

Muslims now started to dig a trench around Medina under the supervision of Prophet (SAW))

Medina was surrounded by mountains and orchards except its northern part

Prophet (SAW) understood the enemy's intention to march from there so He ordered to dig a trench at its northern side

The trench was in progress for several days and even severe hunger couldn't discourage the Muslims to achieve their aim

The army under Abu Sufiyan were overwhelmed because of their numerous men

However, They were surprised to see the trench which held them back from attacking Medina

As they were greater in number of men and had arms they decided to stay around Medina to find a way across the trench

Muslims stood irremovable with the trench making a barrier between themselves and the idolaters, meanwhile the enemy were still finding a way to infiltrate into Medina

Muslims stared using arrows against them to stop them from approaching to Medina

Banu Quraizah also entered the alliance  upon the invitation of Banu Nadeer even though they had signed a peace treaty with Muslims

The Muslims were now in a critical position as they could expect an attack from their back too from Banu Quraizah

The siege prolonged for a month

In these hard times for Muslims, Allah helped them

Nuaim bin Masood  (RA) belonging to the tribe of Banu Ghatfan accepted Islam secretly and asked Prophet (SAW) to order him anything that can help Muslims.

Prophet (SAW) asked him to do anything that would e beneficial

Nuaim (RA) told Banu Quraizah to not trust Quraish unless they promise to give some men  as captives

He created a conflict by telling Quraish Chiefs that Jews had made a connection with Muslims and advised them to not give any hostages to Jews

He did the same thing with his tribe, Banu Ghatfan

Soon Nuaim's (RA) plot worked and distrust rose among the enemy allies

Muslims started supplicating to Allah for protection

The Holy Prophet (SAW) said : "O Allah! You are quick in account; You are the sender of the Book; we beg you to defeat the Confederates." (SAHIH BUKHARI)

As a result of the prayers, Allah sent a severe storm which was strong enough to blow off the enemies' tents

Their animals ran away and their equipment was wasted

Through Huzaifa bin Al- Yamin (RA), it was known that the idolaters were returning because of their failures

Allah fulfilled the prayers of Muslims and responded in a way that prevented Muslims from fighting a huge army

O believers! Remember Allah’s favor upon you when ˹enemy˺ forces came to ˹besiege˺ you ˹in Medina˺,¹ so We sent against them a ˹bitter˺ wind and forces you could not see. ² And Allah is All-Seeing of what you do. (Al Ahzaab: 9)

Result:

Decisive Muslim victory

Failure of Siege

Significance:

Influence of Quraish around Arab decreased

Quraish's trade route to Syria was blocked

Muslims used a new strategy (digging a trench) against their enemy

Muslims remained united and courageous even in the circumstances of starvation