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1) One of abiotic components is salt in seawater is toxic to the mangrove leaves to have thick cuticles, embedded stomata and succulent leaves

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1. to avoid from extreme in temperature mangroves orient their leaves to reduce the amount of light they receive

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Mangrove trees such as Rhizophora sp. has prop roots which is firmly planted in soil. It is to support the tree to overcome strong winds and wave

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2) One of mangrove trees adaptation is the seeds. Seeds are easily carried away by seawater or submerge in waterlogged soil. Mangrove trees have viviparity seeds that germinate while still attached to the parent tree. This ensures that the seeds will get sufficient oxygen during germination. Then, the seed can avoid from dehydration in high salinity seawater.

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1. One of the abiotic components of mangrove ecosystem is strong light intensity. Mangrove trees are exposed to strong light intensity. This is to increase the rate of transpiration

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2) One of mangrove trees adaptation is the pneumatophore roots. These roots are short root projection from the soil surface and found in water-submerged areas. The roots function by allowing gas exchange through lenticels between sub-merged root and the atmosphere.

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JILLI ANAK JESSY JAMAU
-One of the adaptation of mangrove tree is its leaves have thick cuticles and sunken stomata to lower the rate of transpiration. These leaves also have succulent leaves that are adapted to stire water and hydathode which specialised to eliminate excess salt. Mature leaves can store salts and begin to fall down if the salt concentration stored is too high.

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2. Leaves
-mangrove tree have thick cuticles and sunken stomata that reduce the rate of transpiration
-the mature leaves can store salt, when the concentration of salt in leaves

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2) Mangrove leaves have thick cuticles and sunken stomata which can reduce the rate of transpiration. These leaves also have succulent leaves that can store water and special structure known as hydatode to eliminate excess salt. Mature leaves can store salt and fall off when the concentration of salt stored is too high.

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2) Mangrove trees seed is viviparous germinate and grows when they still on the parent plant. The seed will fall and stick to the mud so that it does not drift by the water.

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AWANG NUR HAIQAL HAKIMI BIN AWANG ZAIMIE

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AWANG NUR HAIQAL HAKIMI BIN AWANG ZAIMIE

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1. biotic components
predation
snake( predator) ->  crab ( prey)

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2) Mangrove trees have pneumatophore roots that allows the gas exchange between the submerged roots and atmosphere through lenticels.

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Pneumatophore roots can be found around muddy soils of mangrove ecosystems. These roots which submerge from the ground surface for aeration. The roots helps gas exchange from the lack of aeration in the muddy soils and watery area

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1) Explain one biotic/abiotic components in mangrove ecosystem
2) Explain one adaptation of mangrove trees