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The first 20 Canadian peacekeeping troops arrived in Egypt. HMCS Magnificent arrived in Port Said with Canadian troops and materiel to the United Nations Emergency peacekeeping force controlling the Israeli-Egyptian border. While Egypt gained full independence in the years following the Second World War, the Suez Canal remained under the control of British and French interests. In 1956, after years of increasing tensions between Egypt and these European powers, Egypt seized control of the waterway. France, the United Kingdom and Israel were dismayed by this act and decided to act together to forcibly change the situation. Later that year, Israel invaded Egypt and pushed on toward the Suez Canal. The British and French then landed troops of their own along the Canal Zone to secure it. Due to this complicated situation and intense unrest, the United Nations immediately met to try to resolve the issue and called for a cease-fire and withdrawal of foreign forces from Egypt.

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Change and Continuity of the First Peacekeeping Troops

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Change and Continuity of the First Peacekeeping Troops

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The mission's job was to keep an eye on the Armistice Agreement between Israel and its Arab neighbours, which was later dubbed the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO). Hundreds of thousands of military men, as well as tens of thousands of UN police and other civilians, have served in UN peacekeeping missions from more than 120 countries over the years. The United Nations began a massive exercise around the turn of the century to assess the issues of peacekeeping in the 1990s and introduce reform. The goal was to improve their ability to manage and sustain field activities successfully. Today's multidimensional peacekeeping missions are tasked with not only maintaining peace and security, but also facilitating political processes, protecting civilians, assisting in the disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration of former combatants, as well as supporting constitutional processes and election administration.

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While being later revamped into the charter, as well as being based from the Universal Declaration of Human rights, the Bill of Rights is the recognition and declaration of rights and freedoms. The Bill protects rights to equality before the law and ensures protection of the law. It protects the freedoms of religion, speech, the press, and of assembly and association. It also guarantees legal rights such as the rights to counsel and a fair hearing. This is one of the biggest foundations to Canadian Peacekeeping!

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On March 13, 1964, the Canadian government approved a contribution to a United Nations international peacekeeping force in Cyprus in order to prevent a repetition of conflict following intercommunal violence between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and many other conflicts in the past. Though they have failed to prevent conflicts between communities from 1964 to 1974, the UN has been deemed successful to uphold peace and order.

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on August 9th, 1974, a SAM (surface-to-air missile) hit and shot down a CAFs' DHC buffalo which was depicted in the recognizable blue and white colors of the United Nations, taking 9 Canadian lives. Due to this incident August 9th has been marked as the National Peacekeepers’ Day to represent the the single largest loss of life by Canadian peacekeepers in a single incident.

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The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms sets out those rights and freedoms that Canadians believe are necessary in a free and democratic society. The Chartercame into force on April 17, 1982. One section of the Charter, section 15, came into effect three years after the rest of the Charter, on April 17, 1985, to give governments time to bring their laws into line with the equality rights guaranteed in section 15. Everyone has rights, and can't have it forcefully taken from them. This charter was a very important step to further peacekeeping.

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Cause and Consequences of Charter of Rights and Freedoms

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Cause and Consequences of Charter of Rights and Freedoms

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The Charter was born out of a desire for Canada to have complete authority over the Constitution. Because Canada's original Constitution was enacted by the British Parliament in 1867, it could only be changed by the British Parliament. Pierre Elliott Trudeau's government began the process of patriating Canada's Constitution, removing it from the British Parliament's control. Laws that discriminate against persons based on personal qualities or prejudices have been changed as a result of the Charter. Canadian society now has a deeper understanding of human rights and freedoms, as well as mechanisms to enforce them, thanks to the Charter.

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Canadian peacekeepers were entangled in the Battle of Medak Pocket in the Balkans. Facing artillery barrages from Croatian forces, The peacekeeping forces countered with defensive fire in order to protect civilians and themselves. Even though this battle was long forgotten throughout Canadian history, It was one of the most violent firefights that involved Canadian Forces, since the Korean War. This was significant because the Canadian soldiers had pushed the Croats back to their original lines and restored the UN mission's credibility.

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The Rwandan Genocide was a devastating event. Members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were slaughtered by armed troops. This resulted in round 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths. A rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from their base in Uganda, initiating the Rwandan Civil War.
Canada's most significant contribution to this tragic event was to provide refuge for thousands of Tutsi and moderate Hutu at its headquarters in Amahoro Stadium, as well as other secure UN sites, and to assist with the evacuation of foreign nationals. Overall, although there have been scattered attacks on villages, and killed MONUC peacekeepers in the in the country, the mission has succeeded in the sense that a massacre on the scale of the Rwandan Genocide (total death toll of 1.1 million) has been averted.

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The last residential school closing (1996)

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The last residential school closing (1996)

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The goal of Indian residential schools was to assimilate Indians into society. The Canadian government operated Indian residential schools in partnership with the Anglican, Catholic, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches, among others. Indian residential schools operated in all Canadian provinces and territories except Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. Children between the ages of 4-16 attended Indian residential school. It is estimated that over 150,000 Indian, Inuit, and Métis children attended Indian residential school.  The last Indian residential school closed in 1996. These schools created a bigger rift in the already crippled relationship between Canada and Indigenous peoples. For the most part, children do not recall positive experiences while attending Indian residential school. They were
forced to abandon their language, cultural beliefs, and way of life, and mandated to adopt the European languages of
English or French, foreign religious denominations, and new habits.

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Cause and Consequence of the Residential Schools

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Cause and Consequence of the Residential Schools

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Christian churches and the Canadian government established residential schools in an attempt to educate and convert Indigenous adolescents as well as adapt them into Canadian society. Residential schools have far-reaching impacts, including medical and psychosomatic diseases, mental health issues, and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as cultural effects including alterations in spiritual practices, language and conventional knowledge loss, as well as social consequences such as violence and suicide, as well as repercussions on gender roles, childrearing, and family connections.

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Canadian Participation in the UN Mission in Sierra Leone (1999)

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Canadian Participation in the UN Mission in Sierra Leone (1999)

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In 1999, UN peacekeepers arrived In sierra Leone to withstand the rebellions and to supervise a wobbly peace process that includes supervising a shaky truce and assisting with the transition to democratic governance. At the time period, the country was separated and some areas being   a hundred percent under rebel control. Throughout this mission the peacekeepers faced significant political and military obstacles on their way to establishing a competent peacekeeping force, the mission was not thought to have a good chance of succeeding at one point in time due to the kidnapping of hundreds of peacekeepers done by RUF.

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The Ituri conflict is a major conflict between the agriculturalist Lendu and pastoralist Hema ethnic groups in the Ituri region of the north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was largely set off by the Second Congo War, which had led to increased ethnic consciousness, a large supply of small arms, and the formation of various armed groups. Why is this significant? The situation in Ituri and Bunia was a complicated and difficult situation to solve for UN officials.  It is important to note that while the 2 groups involved in the Ituri conflict have been fighting from 1972 to present day, the term “Ituri conflict” refers to a period from 1999 to 2003 of intense violence.

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Bogoro Massacre (DR Congo massacre) (2003)

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Bogoro Massacre (DR Congo massacre) (2003)

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The Bogoro Massacre was an event that was lead by Germain Katanga, leading the FRPI and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, leader of FNI. On February 24, 2003, hundreds of FNI and FRPI militants armed with machetes, spears, arrows, mortars, rocket-propelled grenades, rocket launchers, and guns stormed to the center of Bogoro. They circled the Bogoro and "converged towards the center on a killing spree," killing at least 200 locals, imprisoning survivors in a cell full of bodies, and sexually enslaving women and girls, according to the ICC. Some locals were slain by setting fire to their homes, while others were hacked to death with machetes. According to the UN, 173 of the dead were under the age of 18. This is significant because this massacre was one of the reasons for the UN to put in more effort on creating and maintaining peace in the area.

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On april 3, 2003, the village of Drodro near Bunia was attacked, resulting in nearly several hundred villagers, mostly women and children, dead. Ituri province has been the scene of rivalry between two ethnic groups, the Lendu and the Hema, for years. It led to a conflict in 1998-2002 that left more than 50,000 people dead, many of them killed during massacres of civilians. The violence flared up again in the province’s Djugu area in May.

All of the victims had little importance to the overall conflict, and they were of no importance to the warlords, who have caused these attacks. UN officials investigated and said to have claimed around 1,000 victims.

Debon Mwisa, a civil affairs officer with MONUSCO (the UN stabilization mission in the DRC), had been working to promote dialogue between these two communities as a way to reduce the violence. She states that there is constant tension between these two communities and sometimes an event will serve as a trigger point, causing the tension to explode into violence.
A difficult decision that many donor countries had to make was simply whether or not to contribute to the Ituri peacekeeping mission. The international community has shown hesitance towards providing aid towards the Congo.  This conflict was very significant for both the UN, and the people of the Congo, and led to many deaths of both UN troops, as well as the villagers in Ituri. There is still a conflict going on to this day, and MONUSCO continues to work in the Congo.